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仲佳勇, 安维明, 平永利, 等. 强激光实验室天体物理介绍[J]. 强激光与粒子束, 2020, 32: 092003. doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202032.200123
引用本文: 仲佳勇, 安维明, 平永利, 等. 强激光实验室天体物理介绍[J]. 强激光与粒子束, 2020, 32: 092003. doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202032.200123
Zhong Jiayong, An Weiming, Ping Yongli, et al. Introduction of laboratory astrophysics with intense lasers[J]. High Power Laser and Particle Beams, 2020, 32: 092003. doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202032.200123
Citation: Zhong Jiayong, An Weiming, Ping Yongli, et al. Introduction of laboratory astrophysics with intense lasers[J]. High Power Laser and Particle Beams, 2020, 32: 092003. doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202032.200123

强激光实验室天体物理介绍

doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202032.200123
基金项目: 科学挑战专题项目(JCKY2016212A505);国家自然科学基金委员会-中国工程物理研究院联合基金项目(U1930108)
详细信息
    作者简介:

    仲佳勇(1978—),男,博士,教授,从事实验室天体物理研究;jyzhong@bnu.edu.cn

  • 中图分类号: P14

Introduction of laboratory astrophysics with intense lasers

  • 摘要: 实验室天体物理是交叉于高能量密度等离子体物理学与天体物理学之间的一个新的学科生长点。利用强激光装置可以在实验室创造与某些天体或天体周围相似的极端物理环境,这样的实验条件前所未有,且与天体物理中诸多重要的物理现象直接对应。通过近距、主动、参数可控的研究,实验室天体物理有助于解决目前天体物理和等离子体物理中的一些关键的、共性的问题,并有望取得突破性成果。针对近年来国内外在该领域取得的最新研究进展进行介绍,并就将来可能开展的研究方向进行展望。
  • 图  1  (a)双模造父变星的前两个谐波周期的比值与恒星质量的关系。黑色圆圈表示观测值。黑色虚线为Cox 和 Tabor[13]使用旧的不透明度计算得到的周期。黑色实线为使用实验标定后OPAL-DTA模型得到的周期。M是太阳质量,P0是基模周期,P1是第一谐变周期。(b)Bailey等人实验的布置图[25]。(c)Bailey等人实验中得到的空间和光谱分辨的透过率的图。暗色的区域对应于高吸收,白色区域对应于100%的透过率[25]

    Figure  1.  (a)Diagram of the ratio of the first two harmonics periods of double-mode Cepheid variable star. Circles represent observations. The upper set of three (dashed) curves correspond to the simulated result using older opacities,which ignore the full fine structure of the metals and calculated by Cox and Tabor[13]. The lower (solid) curves correspond to simulations with OPAL-DTA. M is the solar mass,P0 is the fundamental mode period and P1 is the first overtone period. (b) Experimental setup of Bailey et al 2015[25]. (c) A spatially resolved and spectrally resolved transmission image obtained by Bailey et al 2015. Darker regions correspond to higher absorption. The white portion of the image corresponds to 100% transmission[25].

    图  2  毕尔曼电池效应示意图及等离子体中环形磁场示意图[26-27]

    Figure  2.  A cartoon of how the Biermann battery process generates a magnetic field and schematic diagram of the annular magnetic field in the plasma[26-27]

    图  3  利用质子探测对穿等离子体流的实验布置图[33]

    Figure  3.  Experimental configuration to generate opposing plasma flows probed by D–3He protons[33]

    图  4  产生冲击波诱导湍流的实验布置图[35]

    Figure  4.  Experimental configuration for the generation of shock-induced turbulence[35]

    图  5  2000年11月9日TRACE卫星拍摄的波长为17.1 nm的太阳耀斑[45](来自apod.nasa.gov)

    Figure  5.  Solar flare image at 17.1 nm from TRACE satellite on November 9,2000[45](From apod.nasa.gov)

    图  6  (a)磁场分布以及环顶X射线源的示意图。(b)靶前的针孔相机拍摄的X射线结果。(c)不对称激光强度导致激光光斑以及磁场B1B2的不平衡的X射线结果[5]

    Figure  6.  (a) Magnetic reconnection model for the loop-top X-ray source in a compact solar flare,with a sketch depicting the X-ray observation scheme. (b) The pinhole X-ray image observed forward of the Al foil target. (c) The pinhole X-ray result of unbalanced laser intensity leading to laser spot and unbalanced magnetic fields B1 and B2[5]

    图  7  地球附近的磁场分布[53]

    Figure  7.  Magnetic field distribution near the Earth[53]

    图  8  X射线分幅相机拍摄的随时间演化的X射线图像[55](图中红框区域的X射线强度随时间而增强,表明该区域中发生了磁重联)

    Figure  8.  Sequence of time resolved X-ray images taken with a framing camera[55](X-ray emission of the red box region in the figure increases with time,indicating magnetic reconnection in this region)

    图  9  OMEGA实验结果及FLASH模拟结果[59]

    Figure  9.  Results from laser interaction experiment on OMEGA and FLASH simulation[59]

    图  10  喷流偏折示意图[65]

    Figure  10.  Images illustrating the jet deflection[65]

    图  11  NIF实验布置及X射线背光RTI诊断结果[67]

    Figure  11.  Experimental target and radiographs for RTI on NIF[67]

    图  12  (a)无外加磁场为零,(b)外加磁场是0.4 T。(a)和(b)是实验中阴影图的图像,(c)和(d)是对比增强数据,(e)~(h)表示外加0.4 T磁场时,在不同时刻,KHI演化区域的磁场分布图[73]

    Figure  12.  (a) The magnetic field of a magnet was null. (b) the magnetic field was 0.4 T. (a) and (b) are images from the shadowgraphs in the experiments,and (c) and (d) are contrast-enhanced data. (e)~(h) The distribution of magnetic field in the evolution region of KHI during 0~9 ns[73]

    图  13  Foord等人光致电离实验Fe的离子态布居。不同的曲线为不同模型的理论结果[75]

    Figure  13.  Charge state distribution of Foord experiment. The different lines are the theoretical results of models[75]

    图  14  Fujioka等人[78]光致电离硅实验的实验布局图及光致电离硅的实验光谱和RCF的理论光谱[76]

    Figure  14.  Experimental setup of Fujioka photoionizing Si experiment[78] and experimental spectrum of photoionized Si plasma and theoretical spectrum of RCF[76]

    图  15  磁重联Betatron加速粒子轨迹[92]及磁重联的随机加速[91]

    Figure  15.  Particle trajectory by magnetic reconnection Betatron acceleration[92] and particle acceleration in multiple magnetic islands during reconnection[91]

    图  16  磁岛中的粒子运动轨迹[93]

    Figure  16.  Particle trajectory in magnetic reconnection island[93]

    图  17  脉冲型太阳耀斑能谱及实验室耀斑实验电子能谱

    Figure  17.  Energy spectrum of pulsed solar flare and electron energy spectra of laboratory flare experiments

    表  1  强激光实验室天体物理研究方向[9]

    Table  1.   Research directions of laboratory astrophysics[9]

    research topicsame physicssimilar physicsrelative physics
    laser plasma interaction collision between molecular clouds
    particle transport non-local transport of neutrino in young neutron star
    hydrodynamics and shocks equation of state (giant planet) interaction of molecular cloud with strong shock wave generated in supernovae remnant:solar flare,solar wind in solar-terrestrial space,generation and collimation of jet collisionless shock and particle acceleration (origin of cosmic rays)
    hydrodynamics instabilities generation and amplification of magnetic field Rayleigh-Taylor instability during supernovae explosion;Kelvin-Helmholtz instability during the interaction between solar wind and earth’s magnetic field hydrodynamics instabilities during neutrino driven supernovae explosion;Rayleigh-Taylor instability in planetary nebula
    atomic physics and X-ray transport opacity (stellar evolution) non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE) plasma spectroscopy non-LTE atomic physics in supernovae remnant;stellar jets (non-relativistic) radiation hydrodynamics in early galaxy;photoionized plasma X-ray laser in the universe
    laser-produced relativistic plasma fireball model of gamma-ray bursts;cosmological jets
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2  太阳耀斑和实验室等离子体的相似性[5]

    Table  2.   Similarity of solar flares and laser-produced plasmas[5]

    length/cmtime/spressure/Padensity/cm−3velocity/(km·s−1magnetic field/T
    flare plasmas109 ~ 1010100 ~ 10000.001 ~ 10109 ~ 101110 ~ 10010−3 ~ 10−2
    laser-produced plasmas~10−1~10−9~1071019 ~ 1020~100~102
    flare plasmas (scaled)10−2~ 10−110−10 ~10−9107 ~ 10111019 ~ 1021100 ~ 1000102 ~ 103
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3  光致电离等离子体中重要的原子过程

    Table  3.   Atomic transitions in photoionized plasmas

    direct processinverse process
    radiative decay(A)photoexcitation(PE)
    photoionization(PI)radiative recombination(RR)
    collisional excitation(CE)collisional deexcitation(CD)
    collisional ionization(CI)three-body recombination(TR)
    autoionization(AI)dielectronic capture(DC)
    下载: 导出CSV
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  • 收稿日期:  2020-05-15
  • 修回日期:  2020-07-12
  • 刊出日期:  2020-08-15

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