Characterization and mitigation of oscilloscope baseline distortion caused by transient electromagnetic pulse in diamond detector TOF measurement

Guan Wei; Zhou Zexian; Zhang Zhao; Deng Zhigang; Cheng Rui; Yang Jie

doi:10.11884/HPLPB202638.250262

Volume 38 Issue 1

Dec. 2025

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Guan Wei, Zhou Zexian, Zhang Zhao, et al. Characterization and mitigation of oscilloscope baseline distortion caused by transient electromagnetic pulse in diamond detector TOF measurement[J]. High Power Laser and Particle Beams, 2026, 38: 014003. doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250262

Citation:

Guan Wei, Zhou Zexian, Zhang Zhao, et al. Characterization and mitigation of oscilloscope baseline distortion caused by transient electromagnetic pulse in diamond detector TOF measurement[J]. High Power Laser and Particle Beams, 2026, 38: 014003. doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250262

Citation:

Guan Wei, Zhou Zexian, Zhang Zhao, et al. Characterization and mitigation of oscilloscope baseline distortion caused by transient electromagnetic pulse in diamond detector TOF measurement[J]. High Power Laser and Particle Beams, 2026, 38: 014003. doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250262

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Characterization and mitigation of oscilloscope baseline distortion caused by transient electromagnetic pulse in diamond detector TOF measurement

doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250262

Guan Wei^1
,,
Zhou Zexian^{2
,
,},
Zhang Zhao³,
Deng Zhigang⁴,
Cheng Rui^{2, 3
,
,},
Yang Jie^{2, 3}

1.
China Isotope & Radiation Corporation, Beijing 100045, China
2.
Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516003, China
3.
Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
4.
Laser Fusion Research Center, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China

Received Date: 2025-08-21
Accepted Date: 2025-12-12
Rev Recd Date: 2025-12-12

Available Online: 2025-12-15

Publish Date: 2025-12-18

Abstract

Abstract

Background
In laser-driven ion acceleration experiments, the time-of-flight (TOF) technique based on diamond detector serves as a key diagnostic approach for measuring the energy spectrum of accelerated ions. However, transient electromagnetic pulse (EMP) generated during the interaction between intense laser pulse and solid target can strongly interfere with the data acquisition system, leading to significant baseline distortion in the oscilloscope signals. Such distortions may contaminate or even obscure the ion signals, posing serious challenges to accurate spectrum measurement.
Purpose
This study aims to characterize EMP induced baseline distortion in diamond detector TOF measurements and develop an adaptive correction algorithm to recover baseline to accurate ion energy spectra from contaminated single-shot data.
Methods
We developed a machine learning assisted time varying polynomial baseline correction method. The algorithm employs a segmented fitting strategy. Additionally, an adaptive moving window selection for dynamic optimization of reference point identification is introduced, with the window width adjustable from 20 ns to 10 ns.
Results
The results show that intense EMP generated at the moment of laser-target interaction couple into the diagnostic system through the transmission cables, inducing baseline drops up to −5 V, which gradually recover to the normal level after approximately 200 ns. Polynomial orders are assigned region-specifically: first-order for Instantaneous interference I and II region, third-order for continuous interference region, and sixth-order for stable recovery region. Model accuracy is validated through root mean square error (RMSE). After correction, previously obscured TOF peaks for protons and carbon ions (C¹⁺ to C⁶⁺) became clearly identifiable, enhancing the detection of low-energy ions.
Conclusions
This study presents an adaptive baseline correction method, which effectively reduces the EMP interference on baseline in laser-driven ion acceleration diagnostics. The proposed model reasonably characterizes the temporal evolution of the baseline and provides a feasible approach for future online interference correction of single-shot ion TOF spectra.
- Laser-accelerated ion,
- Baseline distortion,
- Electromagnetic pulses,
- Electromagnetic interference,
- Machine learning

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References(22)

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