Research and design of intense electron beam-plasma system
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摘要: 基于强流电子束-等离子体系统，对高性能电子束窗口设计与强流环形电子束在等离子体中聚焦传输机制展开研究。通过有限元分析和蒙特卡罗模拟，对电子束窗口的力学、热学和传输性能进行对比判断，筛选出TC4钛合金作为窗口材料，其在10 kPa压力下仅需0.04 mm厚度，能量传输效率达90%以上，且温度变化可控。通过理论推导和粒子模拟研究，揭示了在500 kV、20 kA的情况下的强流环形电子束在等离子体中自聚焦传输的物理机制，阐明了电子束聚焦传输周期与等离子体密度之间的关系。最后根据等离子体振荡周期和电子束回旋周期的对应关系，建立了等离子体密度与外加轴向导引磁场的等效关系，讨论了低强度磁场和等离子体共同作用对电子束聚焦传输的影响。Abstract:
Background The intense electron beam-plasma system serves as an important platform for investigating beam-plasma interactions. Research in this field focuses on the design of electron beam window and the transport characteristics of electron beam in plasma.Purpose The study aims to design and evaluate an electron beam window with excellent comprehensive performance, and to investigate the physical mechanisms underlying the focusing and transmission of intense annular electron beams in plasma.Methods Finite element analysis and Monte Carlo simulations were employed to compare and evaluate the mechanical, thermal, and transmission properties of candidate window materials. Theoretical analysis and particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations were used to study the self-focusing transmission behavior of intense annular electron beams in plasma.Results The TC4 titanium alloy window with a thickness of only 0.04 mm was found sufficient to withstand a pressure differential of 10 kPa. It achieved an energy transmission efficiency exceeding 90% while maintaining controllable temperature variations. The physical mechanism of self-focusing transmission of intense annular electron beams in plasma under conditions of 500 kV and 20 kA was revealed, clarifying the relationship between the focusing transmission period of the electron beam and the plasma density. Furthermore, an equivalent relationship between plasma density and magnetic field was established based on the correspondence between the plasma oscillation period and the electron beam cyclotron period.Conclusions The research demonstrates that TC4 titanium alloy is a suitable material for the electron beam window, offering high transmission efficiency and structural stability. It also elucidates the self-focusing transmission mechanism of intense annular electron beams in plasma and establishes a periodic equivalent relationship between plasma and magnetic fields for electron beam transport. -
图 2 一侧受均匀压力作用下电子束窗口的变形和应力分布
Figure 2. Deformation and stress distribution of electron beam window
图 3 不同材料电子束窗口最小厚度随压力的变化关系
Figure 3. Relationship between the minimum thickness of the electron beam window and pressure variation
图 5 不同厚度不同材料的薄膜的能量传输效率和温度变化
Figure 5. Energy transmission efficiency and temperature variation of foil with different thicknesses and materials
图 6 不同宽度的电子束对TC4薄膜温度变化的影响
Figure 6. Effect of electron beam width on temperature changes in TC4 foil
图 8 电子束在真空和等离子体中的传输轨迹和径向速度
Figure 8. Trajectories and radial velocity of annular electron beam in vacuum and plasma
图 9 电子束包络随等离子体密度的变化
Figure 9. Variation of annular electron beam envelope with plasma density
图 10 电子束包络周期长度随等离子体密度和磁场强度变化关系
Figure 10. The relationship between the envelope period length of an annular electron beam and the variation of plasma density and magnetic field strength
图 11 低磁场与等离子体分别及共同作用下的电子束轨迹
Figure 11. Electron beam trajectories under the low magnetic field and plasma
表 1 常见箔窗材料及其参数
Table 1. Foil window materials and parameters
materials density/
(g·cm−3)Young’s modulus/
GPaPoison’s ratio flexure strength/
MPamelting point/
℃−1specific heat/
(J·kg−1·℃−1)Al 2.69 69 0.33 20 600 900 Ti 4.50 106 0.33 140 1668 522 TC4 4.51 110 0.34 825 1650 612 diamond 3.52 1050 0.18 1050 3550 502 
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