光学相控阵技术研究进展与发展趋势

田博宇; 彭英楠; 胡奇琪; 段佳著; 骆永全; 赵祥杰; 张大勇

doi:10.11884/HPLPB202335.220305

光学相控阵技术研究进展与发展趋势

doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202335.220305

中国工程物理研究院流体物理研究所，四川绵阳 621900

详细信息

作者简介:
田博宇，tby_scu@163.com

通讯作者:
赵祥杰，zxjdouble@163.com

张大勇，zdywxl874@sohu.com

中图分类号: TN29
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-05-13
- 修回日期: 2022-11-25
- 录用日期: 2023-01-02
- 网络出版日期: 2023-02-22
- 刊出日期: 2023-03-30

Review of optical phased array technology and its applications

Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China

摘要

摘要: 光学相控阵技术具有响应速度快、系统紧凑、功能多样和控制灵活等优点，在众多科学技术领域得到了广泛的应用。在近50年来的光学相控阵研究与应用中，涌现出了众多卓越的成果。为了对光学相控阵领域的发展进行梳理，简要回顾了光学相控阵技术的历史，并论述了光学相控阵技术的基本原理。从光束发射与接收等不同应用场景的角度，结合笔者的思考，深入介绍了光学相控阵在高品质的光源技术、激光相干合成技术、光束扫描技术、大气链路畸变控制技术以及合成孔径探测与成像技术多个领域的发展现状，并最后对光学相控阵技术的瓶颈与未来的发展研究趋势进行了评述。
- 光学相控阵 /
- 激光相干合成 /
- 激光扫描 /
- 大气畸变校正 /
- 合成孔径探测
Abstract: The optical phased array technology has the advantages of fast response speed, compact structure, and flexibility in control, thus it has been widely used in many scientific and technological fields. Over the past 50 years, many excellent research results have emerged. To give an overview of the optical phased arrays, the article first briefly reviews the history of the optical phased arrays, and introduces the basic principles. From the perspective of different applications including beam projecting and receiving, combined with the author’s thinking, the current status of the developments in high-quality laser source, laser coherent combining, laser steering, atmospheric distortion correction, and synthetic aperture imaging are introduced in detail. Finally, the bottleneck and the future development trends of the optical phased arrays are given.
- optical phased array /
- laser coherent combining /
- laser steering /
- atmospheric distortion correction /
- synthetic aperture imaging

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图 1 光学相控阵的用途分类

Figure 1. Classification and applications of optical phased array

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图 2 一维相控阵原理

Figure 2. Principle of optical phased array (1D)

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图 3 DARPA在光学相控阵技术领域的研究历程

Figure 3. Optical phased array projects carried out by DARPA

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图 4 APPLE系统基本原理示意图

Figure 4. Schematic diagram of APPLE system

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图 5 Excalibur系统实物样机

Figure 5. Prototype of Excalibur system

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图 6 板条固体激光器系统示意图

Figure 6. Schematic diagram of solid-state slab lasers

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图 7 5.2 kW全光纤激光振荡器结构

Figure 7. 5.2 kW all-fiber MOPA configuration

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图 8 美国Northrop Grumman公司100 kW固体激光系统装置

Figure 8. 100 kW solid-state laser system by Northrop Grumman

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图 9 107 路光纤激光相干合成系统结构图及实验结果

Figure 9. 107-channel fiber laser coherent combining system

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图 10 美国林肯实验室4 kW光纤激光相干合成系统原理示意图

Figure 10. 4 kW fiber laser coherent beam combining by Lincoln Lab. MIT

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图 11 美国Raytheon公司研制的一维液晶光学相控阵原理

Figure 11. One-dimensional liquid crystal optical phased array by Raytheon

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图 12 北卡罗莱纳州立大学大角度一维液晶相控阵器件

Figure 12. Wide-angle 1D liquid crystal optical phased array by North Carolina State University

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图 13 64路波导相控阵180°视场一维相控阵

Figure 13. 64-channel 180° waveguide optical phased array

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图 14 南加州大学基于SOI CMOS的集成波导相控阵

Figure 14. CMOS waveguide optical phased array by University of Southern California

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图 15 代顿大学7路相干合成实验装置

Figure 15. 7-channel coherent beam combining system by University of Dayton

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图 16 代顿大学21路相干合成实验装置（2016）

Figure 16. Experimental setup of 21-channel coherent beam combining system by University of Dayton

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图 17 中国科学院光电技术研究所57 孔径光纤激光相控阵自适应光学系统

Figure 17. 57-channel TIL system by Institute of Optics and Electronics

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图 18 MMT望远镜系统

Figure 18. MMT telescope system

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图 19 詹姆斯韦伯太空望远镜

Figure 19. James Webb Space Telescope

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表 1 各类激光光源技术的对比

Table 1. Contrast of different laser sources

type	power	feature	compactness	applicability in OPA
gas laser	＞500 kW	extremely high power large volume	extremely low	×
chemical laser	＞MW	extremely high power large volume	extremely low	×
solid-state laser	＞100 kW	high power compact structure	high	√
fiber laser	～10 kW	high power flexible	higher	√
semiconductor laser	～100 W	highly compact high efficiency	extremely high	√

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表 2 单路固体激光代表性研究成果^[45-49]

Table 2. Representative research results of solid-state lasers

year	type	institution	power/kW	beam quality
2009	slab	Northrop Grumman , USA	15.3	1.58
2010	slab	North China Research Institute of Electro-Optics, China	11.0	4.8
2011	slab	China Academy of Engineering Physics, China	11.3	7.56
2012	disk	Boeing, USA	30.0	＜ 2
2015	disk	General Atomics, USA	150.0
2018	slab	China Academy of Engineering Physics, China	22.3	3.3
2018	disk	China Academy of Engineering Physics, China	9.8	14.7
2019	slab	Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, China	60.0
2021	waveguide	China Academy of Engineering Physics, China	10.0	＜ 3

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表 3 单路光纤激光代表性研究成果^[53-63]

Table 3. Representative research results of fiber lasers

year	type	institution	power/kW	beam quality
2016	monolithic fiber	Fujikura Ltd., Japan	2	1.2
2016		National University of Defense Technology, China	2	1.6
2017		Fujikura Ltd., Japan	3	1.3
2017		National University of Defense Technology, China	3.05	1.3
2018		Fujikura Ltd., Japan	5	1.3
2018		National University of Defense Technology, China	5.2	2.2
2020		Fujikura Ltd., Japan	8
2020		National University of Defense Technology, China	7	2.4
2021		National University of Defense Technology, China	6	1.3
2015	MOPA	National University of Defense Technology, China	3.15	1.6
2016		Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA	3.1	1.15
2017		Tianjin University, China	8.05	4
2018		China Academy of Engineering Physics, China	11.23
2019		Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, China	10.14
2021		China Academy of Engineering Physics, China	5.07	1.252
2021		National University of Defense Technology, China	6	1.36

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表 4 激光相干合成代表性研究成果^[91-104]

Table 4. Representative research results of coherent beam combining

year	type	institution	power/kW	number of channels
2008	solid-state laser	Northrop Grumman, USA	30	2
2009	solid-state laser	Northrop Grumman, USA	100 (Record)	8
2011	fiber laser	Thales Research & Technology, France		64
2011		National University of Defense Technology, China	1.08	9
2011		Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA	4	8
2011		University of Dayton, USA		7
2014		Northrop Grumman, USA	2.4	3
2015		Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA	44	42
2016		University of Dayton, USA		21
2019		National University of Defense Technology, China		60
2019		National University of Defense Technology, China	8	7
2020		Thales Research & Technology, France	0.105	61
2020		Civan Advanced Technologies, Israel	16	37
2020		National University of Defense Technology, China		107 (record)

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表 5 相控阵光束扫描技术特点对比与主要发展趋势分析

Table 5. Contrast of optical phased arrays and corresponding development trend

type	maturity	feature	future trends
liquid crystal OPA	high	mature fabrication technology suitable for high-power application	large aperture high damage threshold large range
waveguide OPA	low	compactness large view field high frequency	more channels larger view field higher frequency
MEMS OPA	low	high efficiency fast response	more channels
novel OPA		flexible	more advantages integration

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表 6 基于目标在回路的大气畸变控制技术代表性研究成果^[144-148]

Table 6. Representative research results of atmospheric distortion correction based on TIL

year	institute	number of channels	experimental environment
2011	University of Dayton, USA	7	7 km outdoor
2016	University of Dayton, USA	21	7 km outdoor
2012	Institute of Optics and Electronics, China	7	5 m in Lab. (without turbulence)
2018		7	0.2 km outdoor
2021		19	2 km outdoor
2021		51	2.1 km outdoor
2011	National University of Defense Technology, China	2	10 m in Lab.(without turbulence)
2012		9	10 m in Lab.(without turbulence)
2018		6	0.8 km outdoor

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