High-power microwave coupling research and protection of unmanned aerial vehicle RF front-end
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摘要: 战场无人机的数据链射频前端容易受到高功率微波干扰和损伤而不能正常发挥工作效能。为研究无人机数据链射频前端高功率微波耦合规律与防护，建立数据链天线和射频前端电路PCB仿真模型，以不同载波频率、脉宽、极化方向和上升沿时间的高功率微波分别对数据链天线进行辐照，得到天线输出口端接负载的耦合电压波形，然后将其注入数据链射频芯片外围接收电路中，得到射频芯片引脚的耦合电压，完整模拟了高功率微波的场-路耦合过程。选用一款2.45 GHz的PIN限幅器进行电磁防护。结果表明：无人机数据链射频前端电路的Si24R1芯片引脚耦合电压幅值随着载波频率的上升出现了尖峰现象，随着极化角的增加，耦合电压出现了较大的降低，脉冲宽度和上升沿变化对耦合电压幅值影响不大。PIN限幅器在保证信号接收质量情况下能显著降低高功率微波对射频前端电路的耦合电压，提升了无人机数据链的电磁防护性能。Abstract:
Background Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), representing advanced combat capabilities in new domains, have become essential weaponry in modern warfare. The proliferation of frequency-dependent equipment and rapid advancements in counter-UAV technologies have resulted in increasingly complex electromagnetic environments. High-power microwave (HPM) radiation, characterized by high power, tunable carrier frequency, and complex coupling effects, can effectively jam or damage UAV systems. Datalinks, acting as the UAV’s ‘brain’, are particularly vulnerable to HPM interference. Consequently, research into HPM coupling mechanisms and protection methods for UAV datalink is vital for enhancing UAV resilience.Purpose This study investigates the coupling laws and protection methods of HPM radiation on the RF front-end of UAV datalinks.Methods Models of the datalink antenna and RF front-end PCB were developed using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software. The antenna was irradiated with HPM pulses with variations in carrier frequency, pulse width, polarization direction, and rise time. The coupled voltage waveforms at the antenna output ports were analyzed. These voltages were injected into the receiver circuit model to determine the coupled voltage at the pins of the RF chip (Si24R1), thus simulating the complete HPM field-to-circuit coupling process. A 2.45 GHz PIN limiter was implemented for electromagnetic protection.Results (1) The amplitude of the coupled voltage at the Si24R1 RF chip pins exhibited spiking behavior at high carrier frequencies. (2) Coupled voltage decreased significantly with increasing polarization angle. (3) Variations in pulse width and rise time had minimal effect on coupled voltage amplitude. (4) The PIN limiter significantly reduced the coupled voltages while maintaining signal reception quality, enhancing the datalink’s electromagnetic protection.Conclusions This work quantifies HPM coupling laws on RF front-end circuits under varying parameters. Implementing PIN limiter on the RF front-end significantly attenuates electromagnetic interference, providing a validated reference for UAV electromagnetic protection. -
图 1 Si24R1芯片引脚示意图及内部结构
Figure 1. Si24R1 chip internal structures and pins schematic diagram
图 6 高功率微波辐照数据链天线仿真模型
Figure 6. Plane wave irradiation datalink antenna schematic diagram
图 7 不同载波频率下，Si24R1芯片引脚耦合电压波形
Figure 7. Coupling voltage of Si24R1 ports under different carrier frequencies
图 8 不同极化方向下，Si24R1芯片引脚耦合电压波形
Figure 8. Coupling voltage of Si24R1 ports under different polarization angles
图 9 不同脉冲宽度下，Si24R1芯片引脚耦合电压波形
Figure 9. Coupling voltage of Si24R1 ports under different pulse widths
图 10 边沿时间变化时，Si24R1信号接收引脚耦合电压波形。
Figure 10. Coupling voltage of Si24R1 ports under different rising times
图 11 PIN 限幅器针对2.45 GHz 优化的外部调谐网络
Figure 11. PIN limiter with external tuning networks optimized for 2.45 GHz
图 12 SKY16602-632LF在2.45GHz 处的插入损耗和回波损耗
Figure 12. Insertion and return loss at 2.45 GHz of SKY16602-632LF
图 14 外围电路接口E1 (ANT)注入电压波形
Figure 14. Peripheral circuit interface E1 (ANT) injection voltage waveform
图 16 在2.45 GHz频点下，PIN限幅器插入损耗随输入功率变化的特性曲线
Figure 16. Insertion loss versus CW input power at 2.45 GHz of PIN limiter
表 1 数据链天线尺寸
Table 1. Dimensions of the datalink antenna
R1/mm R2/mm R3/mm R/mm l1/mm l2/mm 5.0 2.6 1.13 4.8 25 28 
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