Characterization of laser-induced spacecraft solar array discharges
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摘要: 强激光在空间太阳能电站无线能量传输（WPT）过程中可能对其他航天器产生影响，特别是对航天器的太阳电池阵，可能诱发航天器太阳电池阵发生放电现象。掌握激光诱发航天器太阳电池阵放电特性，对支撑强激光无线能量传输技术发展有重要作用。开展激光能量与波长两个参量对激光诱发太阳能电池阵放电特性的影响研究。基于激光诱导等离子体理论和低地球轨道（LEO）等离子环境下的放电机理，分析了激光诱发太阳电池阵放电的机制，并基于该机制理论指定了激光诱发航天器太阳电池阵放电试验的试验参数。试验分析了532 nm波长不同能量激光诱发太阳电池阵放电的概率，并获取放电时间数据，建立时间概率分布曲线，通过二重泊松分布拟合，获得不同能量激光诱发太阳电池阵放电持续时间的概率函数；对比研究了相同能量下532 nm与266 nm两种波长激光诱发太阳电池阵放电的电流峰值及持续时间概率函数。研究结果显示激光波长越短、能量越高，诱发太阳电池阵放电风险越高。Abstract:
Background The use of high-power lasers for wireless power transmission (WPT) in space-based solar power stations poses a potential risk to orbiting spacecraft. Misalignment or system failures could cause the laser beam to irradiate a spacecraft's solar array, potentially inducing discharge phenomena that threaten the spacecraft's safety. Existing research has primarily focused on the thermal damage effects of lasers on solar arrays, while studies on the characteristics of laser-induced discharge remain insufficient.Purpose This study aims to systematically investigate the influence of two key laser parameters, namely energy and wavelength, on the discharge characteristics of spacecraft solar arrays. The goal is to reveal the underlying mechanisms of laser-induced discharge, thereby providing a theoretical and experimental basis for the safe application of high-power laser wireless energy transmission technology.Methods The mechanism of laser-induced solar array discharge was analyzed based on laser-induced plasma theory and discharge mechanisms within the low earth orbit (LEO) plasma environment. Guided by this theoretical framework, the experimental parameters for the laser-induced spacecraft solar array discharge test were determined. The experiment analyzed the probability of discharge induced by a 532 nm laser at different energy levels and acquired discharge duration data. Probability-time distribution curves were established, and the probability functions for discharge duration under different laser energies were obtained by fitting with a double Poisson distribution. Furthermore, a comparative study was conducted on the peak discharge current and the duration probability functions induced by 532 nm and 266 nm wavelength lasers at the same energy level.Results The experimental results demonstrate that higher laser energy leads to a greater probability of induced discharge and longer discharge durations. Shorter laser wavelengths result in a lower discharge threshold and induce discharge events with higher peak currents. The discharge risk parameter increases significantly with shorter wavelength and higher energy.Conclusions Laser energy and wavelength are critical factors affecting the discharge risk of solar arrays. Short-wavelength, high-energy lasers pose a greater threat to solar array safety. The findings of this study provide important guidance for selecting laser parameters in WPT systems and for designing protective measures for solar arrays. -
图 1 三结砷化镓太阳电池阵示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of a triple-junction GaAs solar cell array
图 2 激光诱发太阳电池阵串间放电示意图
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of laser-induced inter-string discharges of solar arrays
图 6 不同能量激光诱发太阳电池持续时间分布曲线
Figure 6. Distribution curves of laser-induced solar cell durations with different energies
图 7 不同波长诱发太阳电池放电持续时间分布曲线
Figure 7. Distribution curves of discharge duration of solar cells induced by different wavelengths
图 8 激光诱发太阳电池放电电流峰值对比
Figure 8. Comparison of peak laser-induced solar cell discharge currents
Materials $\rho $/(kg·m−3) $ {c_p} $/(J·kg−1·K−1) k/(W·m−1·K−1) $ {T_{\mathrm{m}}} $/K $ {T_{\text{υ}} } $/K $ L_{\mathrm{m}} $/(kJ·kg−1) $ {L_{\text{υ}} } $/(kJ·kg−1) $\alpha(\lambda) $ $ {E_{{\mathrm{inm}}}} $/mJ Ge 5350 322 60 1211.15 3093.15 508 4600 0.5( 1064 nm)
0.6(532 nm)
0.9(266 nm)18.84
15.70
10.46GaAs 5370 322 60 1515.15 2466.15 746 956 0.4( 1064 nm)
0.65(532 nm)
0.93(266 nm)9.43
5.80
4.06Kapton 1350 815 0.28 823.15 973.15 230 275 0.0002 (1064 nm)
0.15(532 nm)
0.67(266 nm)178.47
0.24
0.05
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表 2 试验系统参数
Table 2. Experimental system parameters
pressure/Pa plasma density/m−3 electron temperature/eV wavelength/nm pulse width/ns spot diameter/mm Ub/V Rb/MΩ Cext/nF 4×10−3 1×1011～1×1012 2 532/266 5 1 180 10 50
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表 3 试验结果
Table 3. Test results
No. E/mJ Tmax/μs n1/(n0+n1) PE/% 1 22.75 740.95435 43/45 95.6 2 16.54 665.58411 39/45 86.7 3 11.69 514.85328 37/45 82.2 4 8.25 235.67812 25/45 55.6 5 4.81 106.33993 25/45 55.6
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