Generation and applications of ultra-short and ultra-intense mid-infrared pulses from laser wakefields
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摘要: 超短超强中红外激光脉冲在强场物理、超快化学、环境监测、生物医疗等领域有独特应用价值，尤其在强场物理研究领域中，超短超强中红外光为开拓超强激光与物质相互作用的新物理提供了不同于以往近红外波段的波长新尺度。然而受限于传统激光晶体及非线性晶体损伤阈值，长期以来产生大能量近单周期中红外光源始终是超快激光技术领域的重要挑战。近年来，利用等离子体作为非线性光学介质，基于激光尾场的等离子体光子减速过程产生超短超强中红外脉冲成为激光等离子体领域的研究新方向。本文围绕等离子体光子减速这一物理机制，系统介绍其基本原理、数值模拟及实验研究进展以及未来的应用前景。Abstract: Ultra-short and ultra-intense mid-infrared laser pulses hold unique application in fields such as strong-field physics, ultrafast chemistry, environmental monitoring, and biomedicine biomedical applications. Particularly in strong-field physics research, ultra-short and ultra-intense mid-infrared pulses provide a new wavelength scale distinct from the conventional near-infrared range, enabling the exploration of novel physics in the interaction between ultra-intense lasers and matter. However, due to the damage thresholds of traditional laser crystals and nonlinear crystals, the generation of high-energy, single-cycle mid-infrared light sources has long been a significant challenge in ultrafast laser technology. In recent years, utilizing plasma as a nonlinear optical medium, the generation of ultra-short and ultra-intense mid-infrared pulses through photon deceleration process based on laser wakes has emerged as a new research direction in laser-plasma physics. This paper systematically reviews the fundamental principles, numerical simulations, experimental progress, and future application prospects surrounding this physical mechanism of plasma photon deceleration.
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图 3 利用等离子体光调制器产生中红外脉冲的机制示意图：其中驱动光首先激发非线性等离子体尾流，同时共同传播的信号脉冲被注入到尾流的第二个尾场中。经过足够长的调制时间后，信号脉冲的频率急剧下移并转换为中红外脉冲[49]
Figure 3. This concept involves two laser pulses in an underdense plasma where a drive laser pulse first excites a nonlinear plasma wake while a co-propagating signal pulse is injected into the second bubble of the wake. After a sufficient modulation time, the signal pulse is dramatically frequency-downshifted and converted into a mid-IR pulse[49]
图 6 电子束辅助光子减速过程的示意图。一束外源注入的电子束与激光脉冲在等离子体中共同传播，用以降低非线性尾波场中的残余电子密度[57]
Figure 6. A schematic diagram illustrating the electron beam-assisted photon deceleration. An externally introduced electron beam co-propagates with the laser pulse into the plasma, reducing the residual plasma electron density inside the nonlinear plasma wake[57]
图 7 实验布局、不同位置的红外光谱及脉冲宽度 (经过5 mm Ge窗口)
Figure 7. Experimental layout, spectra of the mid-IR pulse at various positions and the pulse duration (after passing a 5-mm-thick Ge window)
图 8 密度分布、实验布局和XFROG结果。(a) 叶片遮挡不同气体喷流宽度下测得的等离子体密度分布。(b)实验光路示意图。(c) –(e)为(a) 叶片遮挡不同气体喷流宽度下所测量的XFROG行迹图[55]
Figure 8. Density profiles, experimental setup, and XFROG results. (a) the measured on-axis plasma densities. (b) schematic of the experimental setup. (c)–(e) the measured XFROG traces for the corresponding plasma density profiles shown in (a)[55]
表 1 各种超短超强中红外光源代表性参数
Table 1. Representative parameters of various ultra-short ultra-intense mid-infrared light sources
ultrashort mid-infrared light source central wavelength/µm energy/mJ pulse width/fs peak power/GW OPCPA[9] 3.9 ＞20 93 ＞ 200 DC-OPA[18] 2.44 53 8.6 6 000 FOPA[20] 1.8 30 11.6 2 500 Cr2+:ZnSe laser[21] 2.4 7/6.2 101/39 ～/115 Fe:ZnSe laser[22] 4.4 3.5 150 ＞ 20 CO2 laser[23] ～10 45 000 3 000 15 000 CO2 laser[27] 9.2 1300 675 1 600 DFG[31] 9 0.21 91 2.3 
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表 2 近年来利用中红外光产生高次谐波实验结果。
Table 2. Recent experimental results on high-order harmonic generation using mid-infrared light
author (year) cutoff
energy/eVgas drive laser
wavelength/μmdrive laser
pulse width/fsdrive laser
energy/mJdrive laser repetition
rate/HzB. Shan, et al (2001)[68] 160 Ar 1.51 25 0.10 1 000 T. Popmintchev, et al (2009)[69] 330 He 1.30 35 5.50 10 H. Xiong, et al (2009)[70] 400 Ne 1.50 50 1.60 1 N. Ishi, et al (2014)[71] 320 Ne 1.60 9 0.55 1 E. J. Takahashi, et al (2008)[72] 300 (450) Ne (He) 1.60 35 2.20(4.50) 10 A. S. Johnson, et al (2016)[73] 375 Ne 1.80 8 0.70 1 000 S. M. Teichmann, et al (2016)[74] 350 (500) Ne (He) 1.85 12 0.40 1 000 M.-C. Chen, et al (2010)[75] 395 (520) Ne (He) 2.00 40 2.40 10 G. J. Stein, et al (2016)[76] 450 Ne 2.10 32 1.35 1 000 T. Popmintchev, et al (2012)[1] 1600 He 3.90 80 10.00 20 J. Gao, et al (2022)[77] 5200 Kr ions 1.45 60 7.50 20
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表 3 近年来阿秒脉冲世界纪录。
Table 3. Recent attosecond-pulse world records
author (year) X-ray pulse width/as central energy/eV drive laser wavelength/nm pulse width/fs energy/mJ G. Sansone, et al (2006)[79] 130 36 750 5 0.22 E. Goulielmakis, et al (2008)[80] 80 82 720 3.3 0.3 K. Zhao, et al (2012)[81] 67 90 750 7 1.4 J. Li, et al (2017)[82] 53 170 1700 12 1.5 T. Gaumnitz, et al (2017)[83] 43 110 1800 11.1 0.48 J. Gao, et al (2025)[84] 25 150 1 030 3.7 0.8
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