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消毒灭菌的电离辐射与电磁辐射等物理技术比较分析

吕泽琦 谢彦召 杨海亮

吕泽琦, 谢彦召, 杨海亮. 消毒灭菌的电离辐射与电磁辐射等物理技术比较分析[J]. 强激光与粒子束, 2020, 32: 059001. doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202032.200077
引用本文: 吕泽琦, 谢彦召, 杨海亮. 消毒灭菌的电离辐射与电磁辐射等物理技术比较分析[J]. 强激光与粒子束, 2020, 32: 059001. doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202032.200077
Lü Zeqi, Xie Yanzhao, Yang Hailiang. Comparison and analysis of the electromagnetic radiation, ionizing radiation and other physical technologies for disinfection and sterilization[J]. High Power Laser and Particle Beams, 2020, 32: 059001. doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202032.200077
Citation: Lü Zeqi, Xie Yanzhao, Yang Hailiang. Comparison and analysis of the electromagnetic radiation, ionizing radiation and other physical technologies for disinfection and sterilization[J]. High Power Laser and Particle Beams, 2020, 32: 059001. doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202032.200077

消毒灭菌的电离辐射与电磁辐射等物理技术比较分析

doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202032.200077
详细信息
    作者简介:

    吕泽琦(1997—),女,博士研究生,从事电磁脉冲与脉冲电子束、电子束二极管的研究;lvzeqi0304@163.com

    通讯作者:

    谢彦召(1973—),男,博士,教授,主要从事高功率电磁学、辐射物理应用等方面的研究工作;yzxie@xjtu.edu.cn

  • 中图分类号: O44

Comparison and analysis of the electromagnetic radiation, ionizing radiation and other physical technologies for disinfection and sterilization

  • 摘要:

    消毒灭菌技术广泛应用于食品工业、医疗领域、水处理等方面。相对于传统化学和热效应的消毒灭菌方法,γ射线、X射线、电子束、微波、低温等离子体、紫外线、高压脉冲电场等物理手段具有不污染环境、消毒灭菌温度低、没有化学残留物等优点而日益受到重视。但这些物理技术手段各有不同,本文首先介绍了γ射线、X射线、电子束、微波、低温等离子体、紫外线、高压脉冲电场等消毒灭菌的技术原理,然后对比了各自优缺点和应用领域。每种方法都有优势和不足,应针对不同的消毒灭菌对象而选择不同的方式。最后,展望了消毒灭菌的发展方向,提出了消毒灭菌在家庭日常消毒、医疗垃圾处理、有人状态下的室内空气消毒等方面的迫切需求。

  • 图  1  用于辐照的集成电子束源[14]

    Figure  1.  Source of e-beam. Beams are extracted into a chamber for irradiation

    图  2  常见介质阻挡放电的电极结构[24]

    Figure  2.  Configurations of dielectric barrier electrodes

    图  3  细胞膜崩解过程[48]

    Figure  3.  Schematic diagram of reversible and irreversible breakdown

    表  1  各种物理消毒灭菌方法性能比较

    Table  1.   Performance comparison of various irradiation sterilization methods

    γ射线X射线高能电子束重频低能电子束微波低温等离子体紫外线高压脉冲电场
    产生方式 放射性核素60Co或137Cs源(以60Co源为主) X光机或在电子加速器上安装转换靶 高能电子加速器 高重频低能电子发生器(如SINUS-320) 微波电子管(常用磁控管和速调管) 介质阻挡放电或大气压下的等离子体射流 一般采用紫外线灯 高压脉冲电源(矩形波、指数衰减波、振荡波)
    成本 建造和废料处理成本高 成本较高 成本较高 成本相对较低,可移动或集成到生
    产线
    较低 较低 低廉 操作维护成本低
    穿透能力 较弱 较弱 较强,但可能存在冷热点 能穿透两电极之间区域
    对人体危害及防护 连续产生γ射线,对人体有危害,防护要求高 X射线的产生可控,设备在运行时防护要求高 可以通过开关控制电子束的产生,设备在运行时防护要求较高 对人体有一定危害,需要进行防护 需进行适当防护,切断电源后活性粒子很快消失 对皮肤有损害,空气消毒应在无人状态进行 对人体危害较小
    其他 若废料处理不当容易造成泄漏;需要不断补充
    新源
    会对高分子材料造成损坏,对高分子材料消毒前需考察材料的抗辐照老化性能 热效应和非热效应共同作用 主要是紫外线和活性粒子的灭菌作用 处理时间很短;需控制工作场强,防止介质击穿
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2  各种物理消毒灭菌方法适用领域

    Table  2.   Applications of various irradiation sterilization methods

    γ射线、X射线电子束微波低温等离子体紫外线高压脉冲电场
    食品消毒灭菌 √(用于大包装物品) √(食品表面、液体食品)
    水净化处理 √(新兴) √(常用) √(新兴)
    医疗器械消毒灭菌
    医疗垃圾处理
    药物消毒灭菌
    物品表面处理
    空气消毒 √(新兴) √(常用)
    下载: 导出CSV
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  • 收稿日期:  2020-03-15
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