Dual-channel high-order mode PCF sensor based on surface plasmon resonance for refractive index and temperature detection
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摘要: 提出一种基于表面等离子体共振（SPR）效应的锚形双通道光子晶体光纤（PCF）传感器，用于实现温度与折射率（RI）的超宽范围同步检测。该传感器具有非对称锚型横截面结构，纤芯表面沿正交方向抛光为半圆形，并选择性镀覆金属金（Au）和聚二甲基硅氧烷（polydimethylsiloxane PDMS）薄膜，实现了极化分辨的SPR激发机制。该设计可分别激励高阶x极化与y极化模式，形成两个独立通道，实现多参数同时检测。其中，x极化通道通过Au/PDMS复合膜同时响应RI与温度变化，y极化通道则依靠Au膜单独实现RI检测。基于COMSOL Multiphysics软件对结构参数进行了全面优化，确保两个通道均具备强耦合强度、良好模式约束及高效高阶模激励能力。仿真结果表明，所设计的传感器在宽折射率检测范围1.21～1.44内表现出14 500 nm的最大折射率灵敏度，在宽温度变化范围−100 ℃至100 ℃内实现了最高4 nm/℃的温度灵敏度。该传感器结构新颖、灵敏度高、选择性强，具备在复杂生物和化学环境中开展癌细胞实时检测、生化分析及多参数同步监测等实际应用的广阔前景。Abstract:
Background Simultaneous and accurate detection of multiple physical and biochemical parameters, such as refractive index (RI) and temperature, is critically important in complex sensing environments including biological analysis and cancer cell detection. Photonic crystal fiber sensors based on surface plasmon resonance (PCF-SPR) have attracted considerable attention due to their high sensitivity and compact structure. However, achieving ultra-wide RI detection ranges, effective temperature compensation, and low cross-sensitivity within a single fiber platform remains a significant challenge, particularly when higher-order mode excitation and polarization selectivity are required.Purpose The purpose of this study is to propose and numerically investigate a dual-channel PCF-SPR sensor capable of simultaneous RI and temperature sensing over an ultra-wide range, while achieving polarization-resolved mode excitation and reduced cross-interference between sensing channels.Methods An anchor-shaped asymmetric photonic crystal fiber with orthogonally polished semi-circular surfaces is designed. Gold (Au) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) thin films are selectively deposited on different polished surfaces to construct two independent SPR sensing channels. Polarization-resolved excitation of high-order modes is realized by structural asymmetry and selective coating. A full-vector finite-element method based on COMSOL Multiphysics is employed to analyze mode distributions, loss spectra, and resonance wavelength shifts. Key structural parameters, including air-hole geometry and metal-dielectric layer thicknesses, are systematically optimized to enhance plasmonic coupling strength and mode confinement.Results Simulation results indicate that the x-polarized channel coated with Au and PDMS exhibits dual sensitivity to RI and temperature, whereas the y-polarized channel coated only with Au responds exclusively to RI variations of another analyte. The proposed sensor achieves an ultra-wide RI detection range from 1.21 to 1.44, with a maximum RI sensitivity of 14 500 nm/RIU. The temperature sensing range spans from −100 ℃ to 100 ℃, and a peak temperature sensitivity of 4 nm/℃ is obtained. Clear polarization-dependent resonance characteristics and effective channel decoupling are demonstrated.Conclusions The proposed dual-channel anchor-shaped PCF-SPR sensor combines ultra-wide RI detection, temperature sensing capability, and polarization-resolved selectivity within a compact fiber structure. Its high sensitivity, flexible channel configuration, and strong resistance to cross-interference make it a promising platform for real-time multi-parameter sensing in complex biological and chemical applications, such as cancer cell detection and biochemical analysis. -
图 1 设计的锚型双通道PCF-SPR传感器的横截面示意图
Figure 1. Cross section of the designed anchor-shaped dual-channel PCF-SPR sensor
图 2 不同偏振条件下的色散特性
Figure 2. Dispersion characteristics under different polarization conditions
图 3 不同大空气孔直径D下的偏振损耗特性
Figure 3. Polarization-dependent loss characteristics under different large air hole diameters D
图 4 不同抛光深度H下的偏振损耗特性
Figure 4. Polarization-dependent loss characteristics under different polishing depths H
图 5 不同金层厚度tg1下的x偏振损耗特性
Figure 5. x-polarized loss characteristics under different gold layer thicknesses tg1
图 6 不同金层厚度tg2下的y偏振损耗特性
Figure 6. y-polarized loss characteristics under different gold layer thicknesses tg2
图 7 不同PDMS层厚度tpdms下的x偏振损耗特性
Figure 7. x-polarized loss characteristics under different PDMS layer thicknesses tpdms
图 8 x偏振通道分析物折射率响应特性
Figure 8. Refractive index response characteristics of the x-polarized channel analyte
图 9 y偏振通道分析物折射率响应特性
Figure 9. Refractive index response characteristics of the y-polarized channel analyte
图 10 x偏振通道分析物温度响应特性
Figure 10. Temperature response characteristics of the x-polarized channel analyte
表 1 所设计的传感器的最佳参数
Table 1. Optimal parameters of the proposed sensor
D/μm H/μm tg1/nm tg2/nm tpdms/nm 14.5 16.5 35 35 300 
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表 2 同类型PCF传感器的传感能力对比
Table 2. Comparison of sensing capabilities among PCF sensors of the same type
Ref. direction of
polarizationoperating
wavelength/nmRI detection
rangewavelength
sensitivity/nmdetection
range/℃temperature
sensitivity/(nm/℃)Ref [17] x-polarized 1700 ～2250 1.29～1.35 7 800 − − y-polarized 600～950 1.37～1.41 11 700 − − Ref [40] x-polarized 500～ 1400 1.35～1.40 10 000 − − Ref [41] y-polarized 400～ 1000 1.333～1.42 6 549.93 − − Ref [42] y-polarized 660～800 1..39～1.44 2 000 − − Ref [43] y-polarized 500～1900 1.21～1.41 61 000 − − Ref [44] y-polarized 420～950 1.29～1.40 2 500 − − Ref [45] y-polarized 800～ 2300 ～ − 20～320 3.9 Ref [46] x-polarized 800～ 1200 ～ − −25～90 2.74 y-polarized 840～ 1000 ～ − 80～130 1.04 this work x-polarized 725～ 1200 1.21～1.44 14 500 −100～100 4 y-polarized 480～ 1300 1.21～1.44 14 500 − −
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