Light sources based on inverse Compton scattering: a review and perspectives
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摘要: 康普顿散射是光子与电子之间发生散射的基本物理过程。基于其逆过程的逆康普顿散射光源，通过让相对论电子束与强激光束对撞，可产生高亮度、能量可调、短脉冲的X射线或伽马射线，为诸多科学研究与应用领域提供了高亮度、宽谱光子束。本文将综述逆康普顿散射光源的技术现状及应用，其技术演进可大致分为三个阶段：第一阶段为非相干逆康普顿散射光源技术，已成为目前绝大多数康普顿光源装置所采用的技术。第二阶段为相干逆康普顿散射光源技术，其核心原理是通过电子与光子的相干散射，以显著提升光源峰值亮度和束流品质，该技术目前正在研究发展中。第三阶段为受激逆康普顿散射光源技术，即通过受激辐射放大机制，实现光子与电子散射强度的非线性增强，以产生更高亮度、更高束流品质的技术。本文将分析总结各阶段的技术原理、核心步骤和挑战，并对领域的未来的发展方向进行了展望。Abstract: Inverse Compton Scattering (ICS) is a fundamental physical process involving energy exchange between photons and electrons. ICS light sources, generated by collision between relativistic electron beams and intense laser pulses, offer high-brightness, energy-tunable, and short-pulsed X-rays or gamma-rays, which are supporting diverse scientific research and applications world wide today. This paper aims to review the current technological status and future development prospects of ICS light sources, which are categorized into three evolutionary phases. The first phase, Incoherent Inverse Compton Scattering (InICS), is the mature foundational technology for most existing ICS light sources and has been widely applied in various fields. The second phase, Coherent Inverse Compton Scattering (CoICS), enhances radiation brightness and beam quality through coherent interactions between electron and photon beams, with key technical approaches including periodic photon structures and periodic electron structures. The third phase, Stimulated Inverse Compton Scattering (StICS), achieves nonlinear enhancement of scattering intensity via stimulated emission amplification, analogous to free-electron lasers (FEL), and holds promise for ultra-high brightness radiation. In this paper, a systematic analysis of the principles, key steps, and technical challenges of each phase will be provided. Furthermore, numerical simulations demonstrate that periodic electron structures induced by optical fields can achieve significant coherent enhancement, producing high-quality beams with smaller energy spread and angular divergence. It is envisioned that with advancements in high-intensity short-pulse laser technology, Flying Focus, and high-current short-pulse electron acceleration, CoICS and StICS are expected to develop rapidly, providing superior brightness and beam quality in the ultraviolet to soft X-ray bands, and opening new avenues for related scientific research and industrial applications.
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图 1 电子与光子相互作用的费曼图。在微观时序上，电子可以先吸收一个光子，再放出一个末态光子（a）; 或者先放出末态光子，再吸收初态光子（b）。
Figure 1. Feynman diagram of electron-photon interaction. In terms of microscopic temporal sequence, the electron can either first absorb a photon and then emit a final-state photon (a), or first emit the final-state photon and then absorb the initial photon (b)
图 2 康普顿散射微分截面随角度及入射光子能量的变化示意图
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the variation of the differential cross-section of Compton scattering with angle and incident photon energy
图 3 飞行焦点示意图。该图展示了同一激光脉冲在不同时刻穿过透镜的过程。（左）在 t1时刻，脉冲前沿（低频红光分量）首先到达，汇聚于焦轴近端；（右）在t2时刻，脉冲后沿（高频蓝光分量）随后到达，汇聚于焦轴远端。由于焦点随时间从近端向远端移动，在实验室坐标系中形成了一个正向移动（向右）的飞行焦点。
Figure 3. A schematic diagram of the flying focus. This illustration depicts the same laser pulse passing through a lens at different time instances. (Left) At time t1, the leading edge of the pulse (the red-shifted, lower-frequency component) arrives first and is focused onto a near position along the focal axis. (Right) At a later time t2, the trailing edge of the pulse (the blue-shifted, higher-frequency component) arrives subsequently and is focused onto a far position along the same axis. As the focus moves continuously from the near to the far position over time, a forward-propagating (to the right) flying focus is effectively formed in the laboratory frame of reference
图 4 SSMB示意图:其中电子束团沿储存环运动，在激光束的作用下大电子束团内部，电子密度分布被调制。
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of SSMB.As the electron bunch circulates along the storage ring, under the action of the laser beam, the internal electron density distribution within the larger electron bunch becomes modulated
图 5 电子束团在纵向聚集机制示意图。
Figure 5. Schematic diagram of the longitudinal bunching mechanism of electron bunches
图 6 (a)与涡旋光作用后电子三维空间分布
$ {\rho }_{e}(r) $ ；(b)公式6定义的相干增强因子$ \eta (\boldsymbol{q}) $ 三维分布图；(c)相干增强因子$ \eta ({E}_{{{\gamma }^{\prime}}},{\theta }_{q}) $ 分布图Figure 6. (a) Three-dimensional spatial distribution of electrons
$ {\rho }_{e}(r) $ after interaction with the vortex laser. (b) Three-dimensional distribution of the coherent enhancement factor$ \eta (\boldsymbol{q}) $ defined by equation 6 . (c) Distribution of the coherent enhancement factor$ \eta ({E}_{{{\gamma }^{\prime}}},{\theta }_{q}) $ 表 1 逆康普顿散射的分类
Table 1. Classification of inverse Compton scattering
coherence linearity Incoherent Inverse Compton Scattering No Yes Coherent Inverse Compton Scattering Yes Yes Stimulated Inverse Compton Scattering Yes No 
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表 2 不同ICS光源的参数对比
Table 2. A parameter comparison of different ICS light sources
Device Energy range of scattered photons (eV) Energy spread (%) Repetition rate (Hz) Photon flux (ph/s) SSRF/SLEGS[33] 0.25–21.1 M 2–15 CW 105–8 SPRing-8 /LEPS[17] 1.3–2.9 G 0.5–2 CW 105–7 MuCLS[34] 15–35k 3–5 64.91 M 1010 STAR[14] 40–140 k ＜10 100 M 1010 BriXS[14] 20–180 k 1–10 100 1011–13 注：具体参数依赖于运行模式，LUXE为强场物理实验装置，重点在于峰值场强而非平均通量，故未列出。
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表 3 传统磁铁振荡器与激光振荡器的对比
Table 3. A Comparison Between Traditional Magnetic Undulators and Laser Undulators
Features Traditional Undulator Laser Undulator Resonant wavelength $ \dfrac{{\lambda }_{u}}{2{\gamma }^{2}}\left(1+\dfrac{{K}^{2}}{2}\right) $ $ \dfrac{{\lambda }_{L}/2}{2{\gamma }^{2}}\left(1+\dfrac{a_{0}^{2}}{2}\right) $ Source of undulator period Fixed magnetic pole arrangement Laser wavelength Tunability Controlled by $ K,{\lambda }_{u} $ Controlled by $ {a}_{0},{\lambda }_{L} $ Output wavelength X-rays Extreme ultraviolet/soft X-rays
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