Femtosecond laser-driven ultrafast X-ray dynamics experimental station
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摘要: 激光等离子体加速的超高电子密度、超微时空结构、超高加速梯度，可产生飞秒（fs）级脉宽、高峰值亮度的实验室级超快光源，非常适宜构筑fs级时间分辨的超快动态诊断能力，可作为传统大型光源的补充和拓展。依托国家重大科技基础设施-综合极端条件实验装置（SECUF），建立了国内首个基于高功率飞秒激光驱动的超短X射线脉冲作为开放资源的用户实验站。激光系统具有两路输出：三太瓦（3 TW: 60 mJ/20 fs/800 nm）重频为100 Hz，拍瓦（PW: 25 J/25 fs/800 nm）每分钟1发。3 TW束可传输至两个靶室，建立了超快X射线衍射应用平台，具备多模式泵浦-探测能力，用于研究物质超快动力学过程；并基于激光等离子体电子加速研制出首个台面化高分辨超热中子共振谱学平台。PW束可传输至三个靶室，支持激光等离子体加速、激光核物理、超快X射线和新型太赫兹辐射产生等前沿研究，及超快脉冲辐射的应用。本实验站既支持利用飞秒激光产生的超快辐射脉冲开展物质科学研究，也支持直接利用高功率激光进行强场物理研究。Abstract:
Background Ultrashort and ultraintense laser-driven plasma X-ray sources offer femtosecond pulse durations, intrinsic spatiotemporal synchronization, compactness, and cost-effectiveness, serving as an important complement to traditional large-scale light sources and providing novel experimental tools for ultrafast dynamics research.Purpose Built upon the Synthetic Extreme Condition Facility (SECUF), the first open-access user experimental station in China based on high-power femtosecond lasers was established to deliver various types of ultrafast radiation sources, supporting studies on ultrafast material dynamics and frontier strong-field physics.Methods The station is equipped with a dual-beam titanium-sapphire laser system (3 TW/100 Hz and PW/1 shot/min) and multiple beamlines with multifunctional target chambers. Through interactions between the laser and solid targets, gas targets, or plasmas, various ultrafast light sources—such as Kα X-rays, Betatron radiation, and inverse Compton scattering—are generated. Platforms for strong-field terahertz pump–X-ray probe (TPXP) experiments and tabletop epithermal neutron resonance spectroscopy have also been developed.Results A highly stable ultrafast X-ray diffraction and TPXP platform was successfully established, enabling direct observation of strong-field terahertz-induced phase transition in VO2. The world’s first tabletop high-resolution epithermal neutron resonance spectroscopy device was developed. On the PW beamline, hundred-millijoule-level intense terahertz radiation, efficient inverse Compton scattering, and high-charge electron beams were achieved.Conclusions Integrating high-performance lasers, diverse radiation sources, and advanced diagnostic platforms, this experimental station provides a flexible and efficient comprehensive facility for ultrafast science, promising to advance ultrafast dynamics research toward broader accessibility and more cutting-edge directions. -
图 1 超快X射线动力学实验站的实验装置布局示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the experimental setup layout for the ultrafast X-ray dynamic experimental station
图 3 TPXP实验平台的布局示意图。
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of the THz pump–X-ray probe (TPXP) platform
表 1 激光主要参数
Table 1. Main parameters of Lasers
maximum
energy on
targetpulse
duration
(FWHM)/fsrepetition
ratecontrast
ratioenergy
stability
(RSD)/%pointing
stability
(SD)/μradspatial
qualitybeam
aperture/
mmcentral
wavelength/
nm3 TW ～60 mJ 19.1 100 Hz ～1×10−9@ns
～6.6×10−10@-200 ps0.62% ～1.57(θH)
～2.53(θV)M2=1.19 40 800 PW ～25 J ≤25 1 shot/min ～5×10−9@ns
～8.3×10−10@-200 ps2.1% ～0.84(θH)
～2.39(θV)0.9 SR 180 800 
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表 2 平台性能参数总结
Table 2. Platform Performance Summary
Laser Parameters Central Wavelength 800 nm Pulse duration (FWHM) 20 fs Repetition rate 100 Hz Main laser energy ≤ 60 mJ (on the target) Spot diameter (1/e2) 12.2 μm × 13.6 μm (with～70% energy) X-ray Cu (8.04 keV) Kα yield (ph/2π/s) 8.5×1010 (3W laser) Energy conversion efficiency (2π) ～3.65 × 10−5 X-ray spot size (FWHM) ～320 μm (Gauss distributed) X-ray photon number on sample ～1.2 × 107 phs/s (3W laser) Pointing stability of x-ray focus (SD) H: 16.96 μrad, V: 13.84 μrad Pulse duration ＜300fs Pump 800 nm / 400 nm / THz / OPA Pump energy ＜ 0.5mJ / ＜5mJ /～25 μJ / under construction Pump pulse duration ＜ 80fs / ＜ 80fs / ＜ 220fs (～3.34 MV/cm) / - Sample stage Adjustment dimension up to 7 axes adjustable at room temperature Temperature environment −195o C - 600o C (5 axes adjustable)
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