Performance evaluation and design considerations of high-performance ytterbium-doped fiber laser system
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摘要: 掺镱光纤激光器是绿色智能制造的重要工具，也是当代高能激光系统的首选光源。面向效能、平台和场景，光纤激光器系统需要具有高亮度、高效率、高鲁棒性、小型化、轻量化、低成本等“三高、三低”的性能要求。在实际设计中，如何对光纤激光器系统性能进行有效评价并提升其性能显得尤为重要。首先，根据光纤激光器系统的组成，给出光纤激光器系统性能评价的参数，重点明确了综合评价参数CSWpB（成本-体积-重量与亮度比）的定义与计算方法。其次，根据工业光纤激光器系统特性，对光纤激光器光学、电学、热学模块的效率、热量、体积、重量等参数等进行分析，指出热控模块对激光器系统轻质紧凑化设计的重要性，给出不同功率等级光纤激光系统的体积、重量和功耗的评估。再次，分析当前光纤激光器系统设计和认知的几个可能问题。最后，为了降低面向实际应用场景光纤激光器的CSWpB，提出高效率低产热、宽温域强耐热的光学和总体设计思路，容、导、扩、换、储、排的复合热管理技术方案和强耦合一体化的工程设计思路，以期为高性能光纤激光器的设计提供参考。Abstract:
Background Ytterbium-doped fiber lasers are important tools for green intelligent manufacturing and are the preferred light source for contemporary high-energy laser systems. Focusing on performance, platforms scenarios, “three high and three low” performance such as high brightness, high efficiency, high robustness, miniaturization, light-weight and low cost of the fiber laser system need to be comprehensively considered.Purpose This study aims to propose a new metric CSWpB (cost-size-weight-brightness ratio), and elaborate on the relevant thoughts on reducing the metric, witch is particularly important to effectively evaluate the performance of the fiber laser system and improve its performance.Methods Firstly, based on the composition of the fiber laser system, parameters for evaluating the performance of the fiber laser system are given, with a focus on defining and calculating the comprehensive evaluation parameter CSWpB. Secondly, according to the characteristics of industrial fiber laser systems, the efficiency, heat, volume, and weight parameters of the optical, electrical, and thermal modules of the fiber laser are analyzed, and it is pointed out that the thermal control module is crucial for the lightweight and compactness of the laser system. The volume, weight and power consumption of fiber laser systems of different power levels are evaluated. Thirdly, several possible misunderstandings in the design and cognition of current fiber laser systems are analyzed.Results Finally, in order to reduce the CSWpB of fiber lasers for practical application scenarios, high-efficiency, low-heat production, wide-temperature range, strong heat resistance optical and overall design ideas are proposed, as well as a composite thermal management technology scheme of capacitance, conductivity, expansion, switching, storage and discharge, and a strong coupling integrated engineering design idea, in order to provide reference for the design of high-performance fiber lasers.Conclusions Therefore, more attention should be paid to and efforts should be made to reduce the CSWpB to achieve higher laser system performance. -
图 2 创鑫激光不同功率激光器SpP、WpP和CSWpP的关系
Figure 2. Relationship between SpP, WpP and CSWpP in fiber laser of MAX photonics
图 3 创鑫激光不同功率激光器模块与系统的SpP、WpP 和CSWpP与功率的关系
Figure 3. Relationship between SpP, WpP, CSWpP and power in fiber laser model and laser system of MAX Photonics
图 4 “容、导、扩、换、储、排”激光器热管理设计示意图
Figure 4. Thermal management design of laser employing thermal capacity, conduct, expand, exchange, storage and discharged
表 1 激光系统参数对应的性能及其评价标准
Table 1. The parameters or according performance and metric criterion of the fiber laser system
3 high and 3 low Parameters Performance needed Criterion Metric criterion High - 1 Efficiency Low running cost Cost - C CSWpB High - 2 Robustness Low maintenance cost Low - 1 Product cost Low acquisition cost Low - 2 Size Small size Size - S Low - 3 Weight Light weight Weight - W High - 3 Brightness High brightness Brightness - B 
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表 2 激光系统中各个参数描述
Table 2. Parameters and corresponding units in the laser system
parameter unit (SI) unit (in engineering application) remarks P W kW Power C ￥ 10 k￥ Cost S m3 m3 Size W kg kg Weight SpP m3/W m3/kW WpP kg/W kg/kW SpE m3/J L/(kWh) Related with laser work time WpE kg/J kg/(kWh) Related with laser work time SpQ m3/J L/(kJ) Related with laser work time WpQ kg/J kg/(kJ) Related with laser work time CSWpP $ {\left(￥\cdot {\text{m}}^{3}\cdot \text{kg}\right)}^{\tfrac{1}{3}}/\text{W} $ $ {\left(￥\cdot \text{kg}\right)}^{\tfrac{1}{3}}\cdot \text{m}/\text{kW} $ Related with laser work time CSWpB $ {\left(￥\cdot {\text{m}}^{3}\cdot \text{kg}\right)}^{\tfrac{1}{3}}\cdot \text{Sr}\cdot {\text{m}}^{2}/\text{W} $ $ {\left(￥\cdot \text{kg}\right)}^{\tfrac{1}{3}}\cdot \text{Sr}\cdot {\text{m}}^{3}/\text{kW} $ Related with laser work time
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表 3 某5 kW激光器光学模块实际重量
Table 3. Weight of the optical model a in 5 kW fiber laser
partition weight/kg weight ratio/% remark optical component 8.522 25.16 the weight of LDs accounts for more than 70% of the optical component electrical device 0.6883 2.03 the constant current drive module is not included mechanical component 22.511 66.46 the weight of the cooling plate accounts for more than 85% of the mechanical component auxiliary device 2.15 6.35 the cables connecting LDs and the constant current source account for
more than 90% of the auxiliary devicetotal 33.8713 100.00
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表 4 某 5kW激光器光学器件重量统计
Table 4. Weight of the optical device in a 5 kW fiber laser
partition weight/kg weight ratio/% remark LDs 6.3 73.93 18 LDs red light LD 0.005 0.06 gain fiber 0.05 0.59 high-reflection FBG 0.015 0.18 output-coupler FBG 0.015 0.18 forward PSC 0.072 0.84 backward PSC 0.082 0.96 WDM (wavelength division multiplexing) 0.01 0.12 backward CLS 0.2 2.35 low power fiber device CLS in oscillator 0.3 3.52 medium power fiber device CLS in amplifier 0.5 5.87 high power fiber device QBH and fiber cable 0.973 11.42 total 8.522 100.00
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表 5 常用不同泵浦波长激光器量子效率、基模效率
Table 5. QE and Efficiency of FM of fiber laser in different pump wavelength
λp/nm λs/nm QE/% ratio of HOM efficiency of FM ratio of HOM rfficiency of FM 915 1070 85.51% 5.00% 81.24% 10.00% 76.96% 940 1070 87.85% 5.00% 83.46% 10.00% 79.07% 969 1070 90.56% 5.00% 86.03% 10.00% 81.50% 976 1070 91.21% 5.00% 86.65% 10.00% 82.09%
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表 6 典型LD驱动用交流供电恒流源特性参数
Table 6. Parameters of typical AC supplied power supply for LD driven
Supplier Parameter Model Efficiency Imax (A) Pmax (kW) SpP (L/kW) WpP (kg/kW) Ref. Delta SM500-CP-90 95%@Imax&Pmax
96%@Umax&Pmax90 15 2.26 1.8 [29] ITECH IT6642C- 1200 -20093.5%@Imax&Pmax
94%@Umax&Pmax200 42 1.447 1.19 [30] Cotek AEK- 3000 -20091% 15 3 1.015 1.1 [31] Varied RU-120- 30040 ～93% 40 12 3.022 2.334 [32] Navitas − 97.8% 240 12 0.194 − [33] Keysight N8946A 91.5% 140 10 4.587 2.43 [34] Lianming-Power LA20000-380S130M ～94% 25 20 1.25 1.90 [35] Average value 1.97 1.72
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表 7 典型LD驱动用直流供电恒流源模块特性参数
Table 7. parameters of typical DC supplied power supply for LD driven
Supplier Parameter Efficiency Imax (A) Pmax (kW) SpP (L/kW) WpP (kg/kW) self-developed ～96.4% 2～21 1.2 0.142 0.292 Project X of SISPS 96% 10～15 1.425 − 0.146 SISPS ≮98% 1～21 1.2 0.061 0.103 Shanghai JunTao ≮95% 10～40 2.4 0.016 0.038
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表 8 典型激光器用驱动电池特性参数
Table 8. Parameters of typical storage battery supplied power supply for fiber laser
Supplier Parameter Model Capacity
(kWh)Pmax
(kW)Maximum
discharge rateWeight
(kg)SpE
(L/kWh)WpE
(kg/kWh)Ref. Xin'aotan New Energy Technology Co., Ltd AT2024-07 0.2405 14.43 60C 5.02 18.202 20.873 OEM Dongguan Haobo Photonics Technology Co., Ltd. HB-72V/10Ah 0.72 5.184 7.2C 5 6.531 6.944 [36] Jiangsu Innovate Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd. Non-Standard
Customization0.532 26.95 50C 3.85 4.921 7.237 OEM Xin'aotan New Energy Technology Co., Ltd HD4824D-PN210A 1.152 9.6 8.33C 7 3.358 6.076 OEM
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表 9 10kW激光器工作100s典型电源方案的体积重量
Table 9. Weight and size of typical power supply for 10kW fiber laser works 100s
Scheme Configuration Storage battery AC-powered CCS DC-powered CCS Laser power supply Size
(L)Weight
(kg)Size
(L)Weight
(kg)Size
(L)Weight
(kg)Size
(L)Weight
(kg)SpE
(L/kWh)WpE
(kg/kWh)AC power supply / / 25.375 27.5 / / 25.375 27.5 25.375 27.5 Battery power supply 6.53 6.95 / / 3.55 7.3 10.08 14.25 10.28 14.5
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表 10 电源模块的典型效率
Table 10. Typical efficiency of power supply model
Parameter Scheme AC power supply Battery power supply AC-powered CCS Charging efficiency DC-powered CCS Total efficiency Efficiency 91～97.8% 95～99% 95～98% 90.25～97.02%
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表 11 工业水冷机参数
Table 11. Parameters of industry chiller
product model PCS/kW matched laser
power/kWmatched cooling
power/kWsize/m3 weight/kg COP SpQ/
(m3/kW)WpQ/
(kg/kW)Ref CWFL-1500ANS04 2.43 1.5 3.5 0.166 41 1.440 0.047 11.714 [37] CWFL-3000ANS04 3.26 3 7.5 0.292 52 2.301 0.039 6.933 [38] CWFL-6000ENS04 7.48 6 14 0.428 108 1.872 0.031 7.714 [39] CWFL-12000ENS04 13.09 12 28 1.244 205 2.139 0.044 7.321 [40] CWFL-20000ETS04 26.56 20 40 1.489 277 1.506 0.037 6.925 [41] CWFL-30000ET 35.26 30 60 2.566 482 1.702 0.043 8.033 [42] CWFL-40000ET 43.76 40 100 4.018 703 2.285 0.040 7.030 [43] CWFL-60000ET 62.54 60 140 6.084 1062 2.239 0.043 7.586 [44] CWFL-80000ET 82.19 80 175 10.397 1492 2.129 0.059 8.526 [45] Average value 1.957 0.043 7.976
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表 12 工业领域光纤激光器模块的CSWpP
Table 12. Relationship between fiber laser model parameters and CSWpP
Product Model Power
(kW)Cost
(￥)*Size
(m3)Weight|
(kg)SpP
(m3/kW)WpP
(kg/kW)CSWpP
((￥·kg· m3)1/3/kW)Ref RFL-C1000 1 10000 0.025 25 0.025 25.000 18.397 [46] RFL-C3000S 3 30000 0.058 40 0.019 13.333 13.740 [47] RFL-C6000S 6 60000 0.061 70 0.010 11.667 10.603 [48] RFL- C12000S 12 120000 0.816 250 0.068 20.833 24.195 [49] RFL-C20000TZ 20 200000 2.342 800 0.117 40.000 36.049 [50] RFL-C60000M 60 600000 3.929 1600 0.065 26.667 25.945 [51] MFSC-1500X(G6.1) 1.5 15000 0.018 22 0.012 14.667 12.076 [52] MFSC-3000X(G6.1) 3 30000 0.028 33.5 0.009 11.167 10.181 [53] MFSC-6000X(G6.1) 6 60000 0.041 56 0.007 9.333 8.630 [54] MFSC- 12000 12 120000 0.356 290 0.030 24.167 19.277 [55] MFMC- 20000 20 200000 0.736 330 0.044 23.900 21.932 [56] MFMC- 30000 30 300000 0.883 590 0.029 19.667 17.953 [57] MFMC- 40000 40 400000 1.318 857 0.033 21.425 19.185 [58] MFMC- 50000 50 500000 1.318 936 0.026 18.720 17.026 [58] MFMC- 60000 600 600000 3.870 1700 0.064 28.333 26.339 [59] MFMC- 85000 85 850000 3.870 1900 0.046 22.353 21.670 [59] MFMC- 150000 150 1500000 6.303 2400 0.042 16.000 18.873 [60] MFMC- 160000 160 1600000 6.303 2500 0.039 15.625 18.326 [60] BFL-CW3000 3 30000 0.015 26 0.005 8.667 7.571 [61] BFL-CW6000 6 60000 0.036 67 0.006 11.167 8.761 [62] CWX - 60000 60 600000 1.886 900 0.031 15.000 16.770 [63]
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表 13 光纤激光系统中激光模块与匹配热控模块的体积重量
Table 13. The Size an weight of the laser mode and the matched thermal management model in laser system
Laser Power
(kW)Laser Mode (LM) Matching Thermal Management
model (TMM)Whole Laser
System (LS)Proportion of TMM
in Laser systemProduct
ModelSize
(m3)Weight
(kg)Product
ModelSize
(m3)Weight
(kg)Size
(m3)Weight
(kg)Size
(%)Weight
(%)1.5 MFSC-1500X(G6.1) 0.018 22 CWFL-1500ANS04 0.166 41 0.184 63 90.21% 65.08% 3 MFSC-3000X(G6.1) 0.028 33.5 CWFL-3000ANS04 0.292 52 0.320 86 91.15% 60.82% 6 MFSC-6000X(G6.1) 0.041 56 CWFL-6000ENS04 0.428 108 0.470 164 91.20% 65.85% 12 MFSC- 12000 0.356 290 CWFL-12000ENS04 1.244 205 1.599 495 77.76% 41.41% 20 MFMC- 20000 0.883 478 CWFL-20000ETS04 1.489 277 2.372 755 62.78% 36.69% 30 MFMC- 30000 0.883 590 CWFL-30000ET 2.566 482 3.448 1072 74.40% 44.96% 40 MFMC- 40000 1.318 857 CWFL-40000ET 4.018 703 5.336 1560 75.29% 45.06% 60 MFMC- 60000 3.870 1700 CWFL-60000ET 6.084 1040 9.954 2740 61.12% 37.96% 160 MFMC- 160000 6.303 2500 CWFL-80000ET*2 20.794 2984 27.097 5484 76.74% 54.41% Average value 76.76% 49.79%
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表 14 工业领域光纤激光器系统CSWpP
Table 14. Relationship between fiber laser system parameters and CSWpP
Laser Power (kW) Whole Laser System (LS) SpP (m3/kW) WpP (kg/kW) CSWpP ((￥·kg· m3)1/3/kW) Laser Product Model Cost (￥)* LM LS LM LS LM LS 1.5 MFSC-1500X(G6.1) 18000 0.012 0.12 14.667 42.00 12.076 39.54 3 MFSC-3000X(G6.1) 36000 0.009 0.11 11.167 28.50 10.181 33.17 6 MFSC-6000X(G6.1) 72000 0.007 0.08 9.333 27.33 8.630 29.50 12 MFSC- 12000 144000 0.030 0.06 24.167 41.25 19.277 31.75 20 MFMC- 20000 240000 0.044 0.12 23.900 37.75 21.932 37.73 30 MFMC- 30000 360000 0.029 0.11 19.667 35.73 17.953 36.66 40 MFMC- 40000 480000 0.033 0.13 21.425 39.00 19.185 39.67 60 MFMC- 60000 720000 0.064 0.17 28.333 45.67 26.339 44.96 160 MFMC- 160000 1920000 0.039 0.17 15.625 34.28 18.326 41.15 Average value 0.03 0.12 18.70 36.83 17.10 37.13
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表 15 工业领域光纤激光器的效率
Table 15. Relationship between fiber laser model parameters and CSWpP
Power
(kW)Laser model Water chilling Laser system Ref Product
ModelPCS
(kW)O-E
efficiencyTotal heat
(kW)Product
ModelPCS
(kW)Cooling
capacity (kW)PCS*
(kW)O-E
efficiency1.5 MFSC-1500X(G6.1) 4.5 33.33% 3 CWFL-1500ANS04 1.63 3.5 6.13 24.47% [52] [37] 3 MFSC 3000X(G6.1) 10 30.00% 7 CWFL-3000ANS04 2.46 7.5 12.46 24.08% [53] [38] 6 MFSC 6000X(G6.1) 20 30.00% 14 CWFL-6000ENS04 5.20 14 25.20 23.81% [54]
[39]12 MFSC- 12000 40 30.00% 28 CWFL-12000ENS04 9.69 28 49.69 24.15% [55]
[40]20 MFMC- 20000 60 33.33% 40 CWFL-20000ETS04 18.06 40 78.06 25.62% [57]
[41]30 MFMC- 30000 90 33.33% 60 CWFL-30000ET 25.96 60 115.96 25.87% [57]
[42]40 MFMC- 40000 132 30.30% 92 CWFL-40000ET 30.06 100 162.06 24.68% [58]
[43]60 MFMC- 60000 200 30.00% 140 CWFL-60000ET 46.34 140 246.34 24.36% [59]
[44]160 MFMC- 160000 500 32.00% 340 CWFL-80000ET*2 129.58 350 629.58 25.41% [60]
[45]Average value 31.37% 24.72% *仅制冷，不加热时功率；PCS：Power consumption。
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表 16 典型输出功率和工作时间下电池电量与用电成本需求
Table 16. Energy and energy cost need of storage battery in typical output laser power and time
Laser power
(kW)Laser on
time (s)Laser o-o
efficiencyDC supplied
power efficiencyDeep of discharge
storage batteryEnergy
(kWh)Energy Cost 1
(￥)Energy Cost 2
(￥)1 100 80% 96% 80% 0.1 0.06 0.057 10 100 80% 96% 80% 1 0.6 0.57 100 100 80% 96% 80% 10 6 57 1000 100 80% 96% 80% 100 60 57 10000 100 80% 96% 80% 1000 600 570
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表 17 典型输出功率和工作时间下电池体积和重量
Table 17. Size and weight of the storage battery in typical output laser power and time
Laser power (kW) Laser on time (s) Energy (kWh) SpE (L/kWh) WpE (kg/kWh) Size (L) Size (m3) Weight (kg) 1 100 0.1 10.28 14.5 1.028 0.001028 1.45 10 100 1 10.28 14.5 10.28 0.01028 14.5 100 100 10 10.28 14.5 102.8 0.1028 145 1000 100 100 10.28 14.5 1028 1.028 1450 10000 100 1000 10.28 14.5 10280 10.28 14500
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表 18 不同泵浦波长与激光波长差情况下的激光量子效率、量子亏损的参数
Table 18. Parameters of quantum efficiency, quantum defect and so on under different pump wavelengths and laser wavelengths difference situations
λp/nm λs/nm QE/% QD% (λs-λp)/nm QD ratio to 915 nm QD ratio to 976 nm remark 915 1070 85.51% 14.49% 155 100.00% 164.89% The First generation 940 1070 87.85% 12.15% 130 83.87% 138.30% 976 1070 91.21% 8.79% 94 60.65% 100.00% The Second generation 981 1070 91.68% 8.32% 89 57.42% 94.68% 990 1070 92.52% 7.48% 80 51.61% 85.11% 1000 1070 93.46% 6.54% 70 45.16% 74.47% 1010 1070 94.39% 5.61% 60 38.71% 63.83% 1020 1070 95.33% 4.67% 50 32.26% 53.19% The third generation I 1030 1070 96.26% 3.74% 40 25.81% 42.55% 1040 1070 97.20% 2.80% 30 19.35% 31.91% The third generation II 1050 1070 98.13% 1.87% 20 12.90% 21.28% May be the future generation 1060 1070 99.07% 0.93% 10 6.45% 10.64%
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表 19 不同型号激光器的工作环境温度和冷却水注入温度
Table 19. The operating temperature and the injection temperature of cooling water for of different types of lasers
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表 20 不同温度下LD的波长
Table 20. Wavelength of the LD in different temperature
Temperature/℃ λp/nm σs/pm2 σs/σ 1020 remark −50 995 0.153 1.72 −25 1003 0.123 1.38 0 1011.6 0.107 1.20 25 1020 0.089 1 LD wavelength in room temperature 50 1028.3 0.063 0.71
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