Design of external-wave and particle modules for 3D full electromagnetic and PIC simulation software

The algorithms of external-wave and particle modules were introduced for the 3D full electromagnetic and PIC simulation software. External-wave boundary module was studied, including coaxial-line, rectangular and cylindrical waveguide. The transmission characteristics were calculated and analyzed, including TEM in coaxial-line, TE10 in rectangular waveguide and TM10 in cylindrical waveguide. Particle boundary module was also studied, including particle emission and absorption. A coaxial diode was test which was designed for MILO. Its emission characteristic and input power of external-wave were studied and analyzed at different voltages. The simulated results demonstrated that electrons would show three different stage features: radial movement, axial drift, and drifting al