Background The High Energy Photon Source (HEPS) is designed to operate with ultra-low beam emittance, which imposes stringent requirements on beam orbit stability. To suppress fast orbit disturbances, a fast orbit feedback (FOFB) system is planned for HEPS. In the current system design, a dual-ring data transmission architecture is adopted to deliver beam position monitor (BPM) data to the feedback controller. This architecture gradually exhibits limitations in transmission latency, system stability, hardware resource utilization, and data expandability.

Purpose The purpose of this work is to optimize the data transmission architecture of the HEPS FOFB system while maintaining the original feedback control mechanism. The focus is placed on improving BPM data transmission and organization in order to reduce system latency, enhance operational stability, and support future system expansion.

Methods A star–ring data transmission architecture is proposed by introducing BPM data transceivers (BDTs) into the existing FOFB system. In the proposed architecture, BPMs within each station are connected to a BDT through point-to-point optical links, where BPM data are aggregated and preprocessed locally. The fast acquisition (FA) position data are then transmitted to the feedback controller through the original controller ring, while other BPM data types can be stored locally or transmitted to upper-level systems. The hardware and FPGA-based logic of the BDT were designed to support multi-channel data reception and flexible data routing. System-level latency was analyzed based on measured transmission and processing delays.

Results The star–ring architecture eliminates the BPM data ring and reduces the transmission stages of BPM data, leading to a decrease in data transmission latency. By aggregating and preprocessing BPM data at the station level, the data processing load and hardware resource consumption of the feedback controller are significantly reduced. Moreover, the proposed architecture enhances system stability by avoiding the cascading impact of single-node failures in the BPM ring and improves the capability of acquiring and managing multiple types of BPM data.

Conclusions The proposed star–ring data transmission architecture with BDTs satisfies the engineering requirements of the HEPS FOFB system. It provides a practical and scalable solution for data transmission optimization and offers a useful reference for large-scale orbit feedback systems in high-performance synchrotron light sources.