Abstract: The advancement of high-intensity laser technology has made it possible to create plasma and strong magnetic field conditions in the laboratory comparable to those found in certain extreme astrophysical environments, providing an unprecedented platform for simulating relevant astrophysical processes in the laboratory. In recent years, research on magnetized astrophysical plasmas—enabled by extreme plasmas and strong magnetic fields generated with high-power lasers—has emerged as a frontier area within the interdisciplinary field of laboratory astrophysics. It has also become a key component of “discovery science” at major high-power laser facilities worldwide, yielding a series of significant scientific achievements. This article presents a focused overview of recent advances in this cutting-edge research direction. Technically, this article introduces methods for generating strong magnetic fields and scaling techniques for coupled kinetic effects. Physically, this article summarizes progress and results in three areas: magnetic field generation and amplification, charged particle acceleration induced by magnetic fields, and magnetic field mediated plasma dynamics. Detailed experimental studies of astrophysical processes discussed include the Biermann battery effect, Weibel instability, turbulent dynamo, collisionless shock acceleration, turbulent stochastic acceleration, magnetic reconnection acceleration, astrophysical high-Mach-number jets, and thermal conduction in astrophysical plasmas, offering a comprehensive picture of current experimental research on magnetized astrophysical plasmas. Finally, based on the development plans for large-scale laser facilities in China, this article briefly outlines promising future research directions that could achieve significant breakthroughs using lasers with higher output energy and greater peak power.