Abstract: X-ray polarimetry is an important diagnostic tool in plasma physics, capable of directly probing the anisotropy of electron velocity distribution functions (VDF), revealing directional characteristics of electron transport, and mapping the topology of electromagnetic fields in plasmas. In the 1970s, X-ray polarization signals were first observed almost simultaneously in laser-produced plasmas and the Crab Nebula; however, limited by the instrumental sensitivity at the time, the field remained dormant for decades. With the continuous refinement of detection technologies and physical theories, X-ray polarimetry has progressively evolved from early single-parameter linear polarization measurements into a systematic measurement framework based on multiple physical mechanisms including crystal Bragg diffraction, Compton scattering, and photoelectric effect detection, covering a broad energy range from soft X-rays to hard X-rays, and forming differentiated polarization detection methods suited for long-term astrophysical observations and transient laboratory plasma diagnostics. This paper systematically reviews the physical mechanisms, key technologies, and research progress of X-ray polarimetry in both astrophysics and laboratory high-energy-density (HED) plasma physics, compares the differences in radiation flux, time scale, electromagnetic environment, and detection methods between polarimetry work in these two fields, emphasizes the importance of cross-fertilization and collaborative development between the two fields, and provides an outlook on possible cross-disciplinary research directions for future astrophysical X-ray polarimetry observations and laboratory HED plasma polarimetric diagnostics.