热辐射对行波管阴极温度的影响

李延威; 李飞; 尚新文; 肖刘; 赵建东; 易红霞; 舟婕; 张明晨; 史永康

doi:10.11884/HPLPB202436.240148

热辐射对行波管阴极温度的影响

doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202436.240148

1.
中国科学院空天信息创新研究院，北京 101407
2.
山东微波电真空技术有限公司，济南 250103

基金项目: 中文基金

详细信息

作者简介:
李延威：中文简介

通讯作者:
中文通讯作者简介

中图分类号: TN124
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-05-08
- 修回日期: 2024-06-17
- 录用日期: 2024-07-05
- 网络出版日期: 2024-08-19

The influence of thermal radiation on the cathode temperature of traveling wave tubes

1.
Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 101407, China
2.
Shandong Microwave Electric Vacuum Technology Co. Ltd, Jinan 250103, China

摘要

摘要: 由于行波管工作时无法直接测量阴极温度，目前主要通过组件测温和电子枪热仿真确定阴极工作温度。热辐射不仅是电子枪热量传递的主要途径之一，也是产生热损耗的主要因素，因而热辐射是电子枪热分析不可忽略的因素。对热损耗进行了定量分析，考虑了接触热阻和热损耗，建立了全面的热辐射边界，对阴极-热屏组件进行热仿真，通过调整零件表面发射率拟合了阴极-热屏组件测温实验数据曲线，得到了行波管电子枪高温区域零件表面的发射率，分析了热损耗、零件表面发射率对阴极温度的影响，并通过电子枪热平衡实验验证了所得发射率数值的正确性，进而得到了更准确的电子枪温度分布云图。研究表明，阴极温度950～1100 ℃时其表面发射率为0.65；电子枪零件表面发射率越大，阴极温度越低，阴极筒表面发射率对阴极温度影响最大；温度越高热子热损耗越大，不考虑热损耗仿真得到的阴极表面温度偏高14.4～17.5 ℃；组件测温得到的阴极表面温度比整管时高42～62 ℃。
- 行波管 /
- 阴极 /
- 热辐射 /
- 热损耗 /
- 发射率
Abstract: The working temperature of the cathode, as the electron source of traveling wave tubes (TWTs), directly impacts the performance, stability and lifespan of TWTs. Since the cathode’s temperature cannot be directly measured during TWT operation, it is primarily determined through component temperature measurement and electron gun thermal simulation. Thermal radiation is a significant heat transfer method in the electron gun and a major factor in heat loss. Therefore, it cannot be ignored in the thermal analysis of the electron gun. The heat loss was quantitatively analyzed, thermal simulation of cathode-thermal shielding assembly was conducted considering contact thermal resistance and heat loss, establishing a comprehensive thermal radiation boundary. The temperature measurement test data curve of the cathode-thermal shielding assembly was fitted by adjusting the surface emissivity of the parts to obtain its value in high-temperature regions of TWT electron guns. The impact of surface emissivity and heat loss on cathode temperature was analyzed, and the accuracy of obtained emissivity value was verified through a heat equilibrium test of electron gun, and then a more precise distribution cloud map of the electron gun was obtained. Research has shown that the surface emissivity of cathode is 0.65 when the temperature is between 950 and 1100 ℃; The higher the surface emissivity of electron gun components, the lower the cathode temperature, and the surface emissivity of the cathode cylinder has the greatest impact on the cathode temperature; The higher the temperature, the greater the heat loss of the heater. Without considering heat loss, the simulated cathode surface temperature is 14.4−17.5 ℃ higher; The surface temperature of the cathode obtained by component temperature measurement is 42−62 ℃ higher than that of the entire tube.
- traveling wave tube /
- cathode /
- thermal radiation /
- heat loss /
- emissivity

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图 1 阴极-热屏组件结构示意图

Figure 1. Structure diagram of cathode-thermal shielding assembly

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图 2 阴极-热屏组件测温实验和数据曲线

Figure 2. Temperature measurement test and data curve of cathode-thermal shielding assembly

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图 3 热子引线腿结构示意图

Figure 3. Structure diagram of heater lead leg

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图 4 修正后的阴极-热屏组件测温实验数据曲线

Figure 4. Revised temperature measurement test data curve of cathode-thermal shielding assembly

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图 5 测试和仿真拟合的热子功耗-阴极温度曲线

Figure 5. Heater power-cathode temperature curve for testing and simulation fitting

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图 6 表面发射率-阴极温度曲线

Figure 6. Surface emissivity-cathode temperature curve

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图 7 阴极筒和阴极支持筒的表面发射率-热子功耗曲线

Figure 7. Surface emissivity of cathode cylinder and cathode support cylinder-heater power curve

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图 8 热损耗对阴极温度的影响

Figure 8. The effect of heat loss on cathode temperature

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图 9 电子枪热平衡实验件安装

Figure 9. Installation of electron gun thermal equilibrium test sample

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图 10 电子枪热仿真有限元模型

Figure 10. Finite element model of electron gun thermal simulation

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图 11 加热功率-电子枪壳瓷温度曲线

Figure 11. Curve of heating power- electron gun shell ceramic temperature

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图 12 加热功率-电子枪阴极表面温度曲线

Figure 12. Curve of heating power-electron cathode surface temperature

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图 13 热子功耗为5.43W时阴极-热屏组件和电子枪温度分布云图

Figure 13. Cloud map of temperature distribution of cathode- thermal shielding assembly and electron gun when the heater power is 5.43 W

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表 1 电子枪热仿真时需要设置的发射率

Table 1. Emissivity for thermal simulation of electron guns

part name	material	emissivity
cathode	M-type	ε₁
Al₂O₃ sintered body	Al₂O₃	ε₂
cathode cylinder	Mo	ε₃
cathode support cylinder	Mo	ε₃
thermal shielding cylinder	4J36	ε₄
cathode support cylinder positioning component	4J36	ε₄

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表 2 热损耗数据

Table 2. Heat loss data

T/(K)	I/(A)	ρ/(10⁻⁵ Ω·mm)	ε	Q_generate/(W)	Q_loss/(W)
1323	0.696	55.84	0.153	0.14	0.13
1373	0.738	57.44	0.162	0.16	0.17
1423	0.777	59.00	0.171	0.18	0.20
1473	0.818	60.56	0.180	0.21	0.24

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表 3 钨的发射率测量数据统计

Table 3. Measurement data statistics of tungsten emissivity

author	temperature/(K)	wavelength/(μm)	ε₁	compared to the value of the target condition
Lv Zheng^[27]	3000	2.1～2.4	0.68～0.69	much larger
Yao Longqing^[28]	1300	0.65	0.46	larger
Yu Kun^[29]	873	3	0.25	much smaller
Cagran C^[30]	973～1283	2.2	0.26	slightly smaller
Seifter A^[31]	1800	0.65	0.54	much larger
Brodu E^[32]	1300～1500	0.6～2.8	0.36～0.39	similar

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表 4 钼的发射率测量数据统计

Table 4. Measurement data statistics of molybdenum emissivity

author	temperature/(K)	wavelength/(μm)	ε₃	compared to the value of the target condition
Cagran C^[30]	1073～1473	2.4	0.25	similar
Xu Yihan^[37]	923	2.2	0.55	smaller
Taylor J E^[38]	1287～1350	0.7	0.38	much larger
Zhu yingshan^[39]	1525	2.6	0.15	slightly larger
Brodu E^[40]	1300～1500	0.6～40	0.2～0.3	similar

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表 5 铁镍合金、铁和钢的发射率测量数据统计

Table 5. Measurement data statistics of iron nickel alloy、iron and steel emissivity

author	material	temperature/(K)	wavelength/(μm)	ε₃	compared to the value of the target condition
Taylor J E^[38]	iron	1147	0.7	0.365	very much larger
Wilthan B^[41]	Fe64Ni36	1700	0.6845	0.295	very much larger
Bai yinxue^[42]	Fe50Ni50	1712	1.6	0.26	much larger
Yu Kun^[43]	Steel Q235	823	1.5	0.25	much larger

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表 6 建立的热辐射边界条件

Table 6. Established thermal radiation boundary conditions

correlation	radiation face	absorbing face	emissivity	estimate
to ambient	cathode emitting surface and exposed side	ambience	ε₁	0.46～0.75
to ambient	bottom surface of Al₂O₃ sintered body	ambience	ε₂	0.15～0.2
to ambient	upper and lower end faces of cathode cylinder	ambience	ε₃	0.15～0.3
surface to Surface	outer surface of cathode cylinder	internal surface of cathode support cylinder	ε₃	0.15～0.3
surface to Surface	outer surface of cathode support cylinder	internal surface of thermal shielding cylinder	ε₃	0.15～0.3
to ambient	outer surface of thermal shielding cylinder	ambience	ε₄	0.1～0.2
to ambient	inner and outer surfaces of the cathode support cylinder positioning component	ambience	ε₄	0.1～0.2

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表 7 通过热仿真确定的发射率数值

Table 7. Emissivity values determined through thermal simulation

part name	material	emissivity	value
cathode	M-type	ε₁	0.65
Al₂O₃ sintered body	Al₂O₃	ε₂	0.16
cathode cylinder	Mo	ε₃	0.23
cathode support cylinder	Mo	ε₃	0.23
thermal shielding cylinder	4J36	ε₄	0.12
thermal shielding cylinder positioning component	4J36	ε₄	0.12

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