Effects of extreme geoelectric fields on power system voltage stability considering complex earth conductivity structures
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摘要: 高空电磁脉冲晚期成分（HEMP E3）和地磁暴通过地磁感应作用在地表形成感应地电场，其在输电系统中产生的低频地磁感应电流诱发变压器直流偏磁，可能对电力系统电压稳定性构成潜在威胁。然而，在现有的HEMP E3效应评估研究中，通常假定大地呈均匀或一维分层结构，未充分考虑大地电导率横向差异对HEMP E3感应地电场的影响，因而在海岸等地质条件复杂的区域，难以准确评估电网面临的电磁风险。基于有限元法建立了HEMP E3感应地电场的三维计算模型，研究了复杂大地电性结构对HEMP E3感应地电场时空分布的影响规律，进而采用电磁暂态仿真方法评估了极端感应地电场冲击下的电力系统电压稳定性。仿真结果表明，在海岸等大地电导率分界面附近，HEMP E3感应地电场的幅值和持续时间发生显著变化，从而对电力系统电压稳定性评估结果产生较大影响，该方法为开展复杂地质条件下基础设施的HEMP效应评估和防护提供了重要依据。
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关键词:
- 高空电磁脉冲晚期成分 /
- 地磁暴 /
- 感应地电场 /
- 海岸效应 /
- 电力系统电压稳定性
Abstract: The geoelectric fields induced by late-time high altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP E3) and geomagnetic storms lead to low frequency geomagnetically induced currents in the transmission grids, and the resulting half-cycle saturation of a large number of transformers could potentially threaten the power system voltage stability. However, in the existing study on HEMP E3 effect evaluation, it is typically assuming a uniform or 1D layered earth structure, without adequately considering the influence of lateral variations in earth conductivity on the induced geoelectric fields. Thus, it is difficult to rigorously assess the electromagnetic security of power systems under complex geological conditions such as coasts. This paper establishes a 3D computational model for HEMP E3 geoelectric fields based on finite element method, then studies the influence of complex earth conductivity structure on the spatiotemporal distribution of HEMP E3 geoelectric fields, and finally evaluates the power system voltage stability via electromagnetic transient simulation method. The results uncover substantial changes in the amplitude and duration of HEMP E3 geoelectric fields near the conductivity interface, which may lead to significant deviation in the voltage stability results of the power system. The method developed in this paper provides an important basis for the HEMP effect evaluation and protection of infrastructure located in complex geological areas. -
图 2 在0.001Hz频点下三维模型和一维分层模型所得的海岸附近感应地电场结果对比
Figure 2. Comparison of induced electric field results near the coast obtained from 3D and 1D layered models at 0.001Hz
图 3 H极化情况下三维和一维大地模型陆地侧距离海岸不同距离处的结果对比
Figure 3. Comparison of 3D and 1D earth model results at different distances inland from the coast in the case of H-polarization
图 4 E极化情况下三维和一维大地模型陆地侧距离海岸不同距离处的结果对比
Figure 4. Comparison of 3D and 1D earth model results at different distances inland from the coast in the case of E-polarization
图 5 同步发电机励磁系统的构成
Figure 5. Block diagram of a synchronous generator excitation control system
图 6 含单台同步发电机的电力系统算例接线图
Figure 6. Diagram of the power system test case with a single synchronous generator
图 7 地磁暴作用下输电线路感应电压和负载母线交流电压
Figure 7. Induced voltage on the transmission line and AC voltage of the load bus under geomagnetic storms
图 8 不同大地模型情况下电力系统对HEMP E3的响应
Figure 8. Response of power system to HEMP E3 in the cases of different earth conductivity structures
图 9 不同励磁控制参数下电力系统对HEMP E3的响应
Figure 9. Response of power system with varying excitation control parameters to HEMP E3
图 10 不同大地电阻率ρ情况下IEEE 118节点系统母线85处变压器和同步调相机的响应
Figure 10. Response of the load transformer and the synchronous condenser at bus 85 in IEEE 118-bus test case with varying earth resistivity ρ
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