A miniaturized inverted-F electromagnetic protective antenna based on U-shaped protective structure
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摘要: 提出了一种小型化平面倒F电磁防护天线，通过在平面倒F天线上加载U形防护结构，实现了天线在正常工作状态与电磁防护状态间的自适应切换。通过在平面倒F天线上加载U形防护结构，并将该结构通过PIN二极管与天线相连接，在正常工作模式下，当接收信号功率低于阈值时，PIN二极管处于截止状态，U形防护结构不影响天线正常辐射特性，当遭遇高功率微波攻击时，U形防护结构中的PIN二极管两端会感应产生较大的感应电场，使PIN二极管迅速导通形成低阻抗通路，此时U形结构与馈线构成闭合回路，阻止高功率微波通过天线进入后端电子设备，从而实现电磁防护。通过优化U形结构的几何参数与二极管加载数量，使其在保持小型化优势的同时，具备良好辐射特性和防护性能。实测结果表明，天线具有17.2%的相对带宽，在1.57 GHz中心频点处增益达到2.36 dBi。仿真结果表明，该设计在电磁防护状态下能实现16.4 dB的防护水平,天线辐射体电尺寸仅为0.25λ×0.06λ（λ为波长），实现了电磁防护天线的小型化设计。Abstract: In this paper, a miniaturized Planar Inverted-F Electromagnetic Protective Antenna is proposed, which achieves adaptive switching between the normal operation mode and the electromagnetic protection mode by loading a U-shaped protective structure on the planar inverted-F antenna. The U-shaped structure is connected to the antenna feed line via PIN diodes. Under normal operation, when the received signal power is below the threshold, the PIN diodes remain in the cutoff state, allowing the antenna to maintain its radiation characteristics without interference from the U-shaped structure. When under high-power microwave attacks, a strong induced electric field is generated across the PIN diodes in the U-shaped structure, causing them to rapidly switch to achieve a low-impedance conduction state. At this point, the U-shaped structure forms a closed loop with the feed line, effectively preventing high-power microwave signals from entering the backend electronic equipment, thereby achieving electromagnetic protection. By optimizing the geometric parameters of the U-shaped structure and the number of loaded diodes, the design maintains its compact size while delivering excellent radiation performance and protection capability. Measurement results show that the antenna achieves a relative bandwidth of 17.2%, with a gain of 2.36 dBi at the center frequency of 1.57 GHz. Simulation results demonstrate a protection level of 16.4 dB in the electromagnetic protection state. The radiator’s electrical dimension is only 0.25λ×0.06λ, realizing a miniaturized design for the electromagnetic protective antenna.
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图 1 PIFEPA在低功率和高功率信号入射下的示意图
Figure 1. Schematic models of PIFEPA at the conditions of low-power and high-power incident waves
图 6 PIFEPA反射系数随通孔数量的变化
Figure 6. Variation of reflection coefficients of PIFEPA with the number of vias
图 7 PIFEPA反射系数随U形结构长度的变化
Figure 7. Variation of reflection coefficients of ESA with the U-shape branch length
图 8 通孔数量为4个、U形结构长度为15 mm时的反射系数模拟结果
Figure 8. Simulation result of reflection coefficient with 4 vias and 15 mm U-shaped branch length
图 9 PIFEPA在二极管导通和截止状态下的仿真辐射方向图
Figure 9. Simulated radiation patterns of PIFEPA with diodes on-state and off-state
图 14 PIFEPA的测量接收功率与输入功率的关系
Figure 14. Measured received power of the EPA versus the input power
表 1 天线结构参数表
Table 1. Antenna structure parameter
(mm) L0 L1 L2 L3 L4 R Lu W0 W1 W2 Wu h 98.1 46.8 8.8 2.0 1.5 0.8 15.0 65.4 2.0 1.0 6.4 0.508 
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