量子低扰动电磁环境测试技术

张金颢; 赵冯婷; 冉瑞冰; 安强; 孙占山

doi:10.11884/HPLPB202537.250153

量子低扰动电磁环境测试技术

doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202537.250153

张金颢^{1, 2,},
赵冯婷¹,
冉瑞冰¹,
安强^1, ,,
孙占山¹

1.
国防科技大学电子科学学院，长沙 410073
2.
中国人民解放军 63660部队，河南洛阳 471000

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金联合基金项目（U24B2009）

详细信息

作者简介:
张金颢，fengxueljc@163.com

通讯作者:
安　强，anqiang18@nudt.edu.cn。

中图分类号: O441.4;TN247.9
计量
- 文章访问数: 26
- HTML全文浏览量: 19
- PDF下载量: 0
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-05-26
- 修回日期: 2025-08-27
- 录用日期: 2025-08-19
- 网络出版日期: 2025-09-08

Quantum low-perturbation electromagnetic environment testing technology

1.
College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073
2.
63660 Unit of PLA, Luoyang, 471000

摘要

摘要: 基于里德堡原子的量子微波传感技术因其具有自校准、大带宽、高灵敏度以及低扰动等特点，具有颠覆传统电磁场测量方式的潜力。为探索量子微波传感技术在复杂电磁环境测试领域的应用方法，发掘其相较于传统方式的应用优势，利用有限元方法验证了量子微波传感技术的低扰动测量特性，建立了基于里德堡原子的设备内部电场测量方法，证明了其绘制设备内部高分辨率电磁场分布特征的能力。结果表明，量子微波传感技术对待测场的扰动极小，其电场测量分辨率可达毫米级别，可为复杂电磁环境效应分析与评估提供关键数据支撑。
- 复杂电磁环境测试 /
- 量子微波传感技术 /
- 里德堡原子 /
- 低扰动测量 /
- 高分辨率测量
Abstract: Background
In complex electromagnetic environments, electronic devices face risks of strong electromagnetic interference, performance degradation and even damage. Accurate acquisition of internal electromagnetic field distribution is a core prerequisite for analyzing field coupling mechanisms, revealing effect principles and evaluating system safety. Traditional metal electric field probes, due to large size and significant disturbance to the measured field, fail to meet fine measurement needs; electro-optic crystal technology, though with low-disturbance advantage, lacks sufficient sensitivity and frequency selectivity in the GHz band. Rydberg atom-based quantum microwave sensing technology, featuring self-calibration, SI unit traceability and high sensitivity, provides a new solution to the above problems.
Purpose
To address the defects of traditional measurement technologies, verify the low-disturbance property of quantum microwave sensing technology, establish an accurate method for measuring internal electric fields of devices, realize high-resolution electromagnetic field distribution mapping, and provide technical support for the analysis and evaluation of complex electromagnetic environment effects.
Methods
The FDTD algorithm was used to compare field disturbance differences between metal probes and Rydberg atomic vapor cells; an experimental system centered on a cesium atomic vapor cell was built, combining electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) spectroscopy and atomic superheterodyne technology. 45 measurement points with 2cm intervals were set in a square metal shell-simulated device to complete electric field measurement and data processing.
Results
This technology caused minimal disturbance to the measured field, with measurement resolution reaching the millimeter level (<2 mm); in the simulated device, the maximum field intensity was 14.62 mV/m and the minimum was 1.66 mV/m. It had better frequency selectivity than electro-optic crystal technology, and low-field measurement could effectively reduce device damage risks.
Conclusions
Quantum microwave sensing technology can make up for the shortcomings of traditional technologies. Although high-field real-time monitoring requires combining with spectrum matching and its instantaneous bandwidth is narrow, its engineering application feasibility has been verified. Future research can focus on developing simplified measurement schemes for high-field scenarios.
- complex electromagnetic environment testing /
- quantum microwave sensing technology /
- Rydberg atoms /
- low-disturbance measurement /
- high-resolution measurement

HTML全文

图 1 量子微波传感技术原理示意图

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the principle of quantum microwave sensing technology

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 不同探头对设备内部电场扰动对比

Figure 2. Comparison of electric field disturbance caused by different probes inside the device

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 电场分布的测量与绘制

Figure 3. Measurement and mapping of electric field distribution

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

参考文献(32)

[1]	毋召锋, 徐延林, 刘培国, 等. 电磁防护技术发展综述与展望[J]. 强激光与粒子束, 2024, 36: 043001 doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202436.230375 Wu Zhaofeng, Xu Yanlin, Liu Peiguo, et al. Review and prospect of electromagnetic protection technology development[J]. High Power Laser and Particle Beams, 2024, 36: 043001 doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202436.230375
[2]	郑浩月, 贺宇, 何小东, 等. 电控单元强电磁安全威胁分析及电源防护研究[J]. 强激光与粒子束, 2020, 32: 073003 doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202032.200092 Zheng Haoyue, He Yu, He Xiaodong, et al. Analysis of safety threat from high electromagnetic pulses and power protection research of vehicle electronic control unit[J]. High Power Laser and Particle Beams, 2020, 32: 073003 doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202032.200092
[3]	Li Mei, Wei Guanghui. A review of quantitative evaluation of electromagnetic environmental effects: research progress and trend analysis[J]. Sensors, 2023, 23: 4257. doi: 10.3390/s23094257
[4]	张金颢, 周恒, 张守龙, 等. 基于仿真及神经网络的大型电磁脉冲模拟器近区场计算[J]. 电子学报, 2023, 51(3): 712-719 doi: 10.12263/DZXB.20211137 Zhang Jinhao, Zhou Heng, Zhang Shoulong, et al. Calculation of near-field of large-scale electromagnetic pulse simulator based on simulation and neural network[J]. Acta Electronica Sinica, 2023, 51(3): 712-719 doi: 10.12263/DZXB.20211137
[5]	叶志红, 石艳超, 周健健. 电子设备贯通导线的电磁耦合时域分析算法[J]. 系统工程与电子技术, 2020, 42(8): 1673-1678 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-506X.2020.08.05 Ye Zhihong, Shi Yanchao, Zhou Jianjian. Time domain analysis algorithm of electromagnetic coupling of penetrated wire connecting to electronic device[J]. Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2020, 42(8): 1673-1678 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-506X.2020.08.05
[6]	胡文文. 电子设备的电磁脉冲耦合特性研究[D]. 合肥: 合肥工业大学, 2020 Hu Wenwen. Research on the coupling characteristics of electromagnetic pulse in electronic equipment[D]. Hefei: Hefei University of Technology, 2020
[7]	张国宾. 强磁场对典型电子器件影响机理的研究[D]. 兰州: 兰州大学, 2011 Zhang Guobin. Investigation of the influence of intense magnetic field on electric devices[D]. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University, 2011
[8]	张存瑞, 米玉洁, 王喆, 等. 强电磁脉冲对武器装备电子系统毁伤效应分析及电磁防护材料技术[J]. 应用物理, 2022, 12(5): 304-310 doi: 10.12677/APP.2022.125035 Zhang Cunrui, Mi Yujie, Wang Zhe, et al. Damage effect analysis of strong electromagnetic pulse on the electronic system of weapon equipment and the technology of electromagnetic protection materials[J]. Applied Physics, 2022, 12(5): 304-310 doi: 10.12677/APP.2022.125035
[9]	景明勇. 基于里德堡原子的微波超外差精密测量研究[D]. 太原: 山西大学, 2020 Jing Mingyong. Microwave precision measurement based on Rydberg-atom superhet[D]. Taiyuan: Shanxi University, 2020
[10]	刘钊. 铌酸锂集成光学电场传感器关键技术研究[D]. 成都: 电子科技大学, 2023 Liu Zhao. Key technology research of lithium niobate integrated optical electric field sensor[D]. Chengdu: University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2023
[11]	Meyer D H, Castillo Z A, Cox K C, et al. Assessment of Rydberg atoms for wideband electric field sensing[J]. Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, 2020, 53: 034001. doi: 10.1088/1361-6455/ab6051
[12]	Hrvoic I, Hollyer G M, Eng P. Brief review of quantum magnetometers[R]. Richmond Hill, Canada: GEM Systems Technical Papers, 2005.
[13]	Hinkley N, Sherman J A, Phillips N B, et al. An atomic clock with 10⁻¹⁸ instability[J]. Science, 2013, 341(6151): 1215-1218. doi: 10.1126/science.1240420
[14]	Ludlow A D, Boyd M M, Ye Jun, et al. Optical atomic clocks[J]. Reviews of Modern Physics, 2015, 87(2): 637-701. doi: 10.1103/RevModPhys.87.637
[15]	Sedlacek J A, Schwettmann A, Kübler H, et al. Microwave electrometry with Rydberg atoms in a vapour cell using bright atomic resonances[J]. Nature Physics, 2012, 8(11): 819-824. doi: 10.1038/nphys2423
[16]	Piotrowicz M J, MacCormick C, Kowalczyk A, et al. Measurement of the electric dipole moments for transitions to rubidium Rydberg states via Autler–Townes splitting[J]. New Journal of Physics, 2011, 13: 093012. doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/13/9/093012
[17]	Mohapatra A K, Bason M G, Butscher B, et al. A giant electro-optic effect using polarizable dark states[J]. Nature Physics, 2008, 4(11): 890-894. doi: 10.1038/nphys1091
[18]	Jau Y Y, Carter T. Vapor-cell-based atomic electrometry for detection frequencies below 1 kHz[J]. Physical Review Applied, 2020, 13: 054034. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.13.054034
[19]	Wade C G, Šibalić N, de Melo N R, et al. Real-time near-field terahertz imaging with atomic optical fluorescence[J]. Nature Photonics, 2017, 11(1): 40-43. doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2016.214
[20]	Li Danyang, Bai Zhengyang, Zuo Xiaoliang, et al. Room temperature single-photon terahertz detection with thermal Rydberg atoms[J]. Applied Physics Reviews, 2024, 11: 041420. doi: 10.1063/5.0219879
[21]	Liu Xiaohong, Liao Kaiyu, Zhang Zuanxian, et al. Continuous-frequency microwave heterodyne detection in an atomic vapor cell[J]. Physical Review Applied, 2022, 18: 054003. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.18.054003
[22]	Holloway C L, Gordon J A, Simons M T, et al. Atom-based RF field probe: from self-calibrated measurements to sub-wavelength imaging[C]//2015 IEEE 15th International Conference on Nanotechnology. 2015: 789-791.
[23]	Anderson D A, Sapiro R E, Raithel G. A self-calibrated SI-traceable Rydberg atom-based radio frequency electric field probe and measurement instrument[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2021, 69(9): 5931-5941. doi: 10.1109/TAP.2021.3060540
[24]	Jing Mingyong, Hu Ying, Ma Jie, et al. Atomic superheterodyne receiver based on microwave-dressed Rydberg spectroscopy[J]. Nature Physics, 2020, 16(9): 911-915. doi: 10.1038/s41567-020-0918-5
[25]	Paradis E, Raithel G, Anderson D A. Atomic measurements of high-intensity VHF-band radio-frequency fields with a Rydberg vapor-cell detector[J]. Physical Review A, 2019, 100: 013420. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.100.013420
[26]	贺青, 李栋, 谷立, 等. 基于里德堡原子的无线电技术研究进展[J]. 强激光与粒子束, 2024, 36: 079001 doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202436.240061 He Qing, Li Dong, Gu Li, et al. Research progress in radio technology based on Rydberg atoms[J]. High Power Laser and Particle Beams, 2024, 36: 079001 doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202436.240061
[27]	Holloway C L, Simons M T, Gordon J A, et al. Electric field metrology for SI traceability: systematic measurement uncertainties in electromagnetically induced transparency in atomic vapor[J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 2017, 121: 233106. doi: 10.1063/1.4984201
[28]	Yan Yang, Yuan Jinpeng, Zhang Linjie, et al. Three-dimensional location system based on an L-shaped array of Rydberg atomic receivers[J]. Optics Letters, 2023, 48(15): 3945-3948. doi: 10.1364/OL.496057
[29]	Mao Ruiqi, Lin Yi, Fu Yunqi, et al. Digital beamforming and receiving array research based on Rydberg field probes[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2024, 72(2): 2025-2029. doi: 10.1109/TAP.2023.3327812
[30]	Robinson A K, Prajapati N, Senic D, et al. Determining the angle-of-arrival of a radio-frequency source with a Rydberg atom-based sensor[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2021, 118: 114001. doi: 10.1063/5.0045601
[31]	Kumar S, Fan Haoquan, Kübler H, et al. Rydberg-atom based radio-frequency electrometry using frequency modulation spectroscopy in room temperature vapor cells[J]. Optics Express, 2017, 25(8): 8625-8637. doi: 10.1364/OE.25.008625
[32]	Wu Bo, Liao Dunwei, Sang Di, et al. Enhancing sensitivity of an atomic microwave receiver via a Fabry-Perot cavity[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2025, 73(2): 863-872. doi: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3480459