Method and platform design of HEMP interference loading in power equipment under operation state
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摘要: 电力设备端口特性差异大，注入波形畸变严重，耦合效率低，且其工作电压高，加电状态下开展试验，易引发试验系统故障。目前国内外尚无成熟的电力设备HEMP效应试验方法和试验平台。研究了电力系统与HEMP电流注入试验系统间相互作用的物理过程，提出了基于等效“零电位”的脉冲干扰加载方法，解决了脉冲源内部电路绝缘耐压与功率容量无法承受工频高电压的问题，同时实现了纳秒脉冲在毫秒级工频信号上的相位可控加载与脉冲源输出与电力设备的高效耦合。该方法便于更贴近真实工况下获取待测电力设备的强电磁脉冲效应现象与阈值数据。Abstract:
Background Power equipment ports exhibit significant variations in characteristics, resulting in severe waveform distortion and low coupling efficiency, especially when operating at high voltages. Traditional testing methodologies in powered states present risks of system failures, complicating the evaluation of equipment resilience under such conditions. Notably, there is a lack of established testing methods or platforms for assessing the effects of high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) on power equipment, both domestically and internationally.Purpose This study aims to explore the physical interactions between power systems and HEMP current injection test systems, ultimately developing a novel testing method to evaluate the impact of HEMP on power equipment safely and effectively.Methods We propose a pulse disturbance loading method predicated on an equivalent "zero potential," which addresses significant limitations related to insulation withstand voltage and power capacity in existing pulse sources that struggle with power frequency voltages. The method allows for phase-controllable loading of nanosecond pulses onto millisecond-level power frequency signals. This approach enhances the coupling efficiency between the pulse source output and the power equipment, facilitating accurate measurements.Results The implementation of this novel loading method successfully captures strong electromagnetic pulse phenomena and establishes threshold data for power equipment, simulating conditions closely aligned with real operational scenarios. This advancement significantly improves the reliability of test results in understanding equipment behavior under HEMP exposure.Conclusions The developed pulse disturbance loading method offers a promising solution for evaluating the effects of HEMP on power equipment, addressing previously encountered challenges in testing. This research contributes to the establishment of reliable testing protocols for assessing the resilience of power systems against HEMP threats, ultimately enhancing the safety and robustness of critical infrastructure. -
图 1 雷电用耦合去耦装置引起的注入波形畸变
Figure 1. Injection waveform distortion caused by coupling decoupling device for lightning
图 2 脉冲电流注入源输出电阻闪络痕迹
Figure 2. Flashover trace of output resistance in pulsed current injection source
图 4 等效“零电位”点接线示意图
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of equivalent “zero potential” point connection
图 5 典型三相输电线路供电系统示意图
Figure 5. Schematic diagram of typical three-phase transmission line power supply system
图 7 脉冲源输出的短路电流时域波形
Figure 7. Time domain waveform of short circuit current output from pulsed source
图 8 HEMP在工频电压指定相位上的叠加示意图
Figure 8. Superposition schematic diagram of HEMP on the specified phase of power frequency voltage
图 9 电力设备带电运行状态HEMP效应试验平台示意图
Figure 9. Schematic diagram of HEMP effect test platform for electrified operation state of power equipment
图 10 电力设备带电运行状态HEMP效应试验平台
Figure 10. HEMP effect test platform for electrified operation state of power equipment
图 11 三相耦合去耦装置关键点电压波形
Figure 11. Key voltage waveform of three-phase coupling decoupling device
表 1 典型电力设备端口特性
Table 1. Typical power equipment port characteristics
type technical parameters insulator open circuit in normal state; approximate short circuit after flashover or breakdown lightning arrester high resistance in normal state; low resistance after operation, with a nonlinear region transformer and winding distinct high-frequency response characteristics, presence of insulation breakdown;
coupling between three-phase windings
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表 2 固定监测点主要测量设备
Table 2. Main measuring equipment for fixed monitoring points
number equipment technical parameters 1 voltage divider AC withstand voltage: 400 kV; division ratio: 10000 /1; bandwidth: DC～16 MHz;
minimum measurable rise time: 18.75 ns2 current probe maximum measurable current: 5 kA; sensor coefficient: 0.01; bandwidth: 5 Hz～70 MHz;
minimum measurable rise time: 5ns3 digital oscilloscope channel count: greater than 2 channels; bandwidth: DC～1 GHz; maximum sampling rate: 5 GS/s
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表 3 不同电力设备耦合波形FSV评价结果
Table 3. Evaluation results of coupled waveforms FSV for different power equipment
equipment under test transformers/% insulators/% arresters/% cables/% FSV 5.8 1.3 1.7 4.4
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