Simulation of high-power microwave backdoor coupling phenomena in representative unmanned aerial vehicle systems
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摘要: 无人机在高功率微波（HPM）辐照下的后门耦合效应是当前电磁防护与反制领域的重要课题。针对某型微型无人机，开展HPM辐照下的电磁耦合特性研究，旨在揭示其在不同频率与入射角条件下的电磁响应规律与损伤机制。基于无人机运动规律，建立了融合飞行动态与姿态变化的双坐标系模型；借助COMSOL Multiphysics仿真平台，依据逐级毁伤的思路，系统分析了1～18 GHz频段内不同入射角下无人机机壳与内部飞控主板的电场与电流分布。仿真结果表明：选型无人机的典型后门耦合通道——机身侧边开孔是连接外部辐照和内部损伤的核心；随着频率和入射角增大，机壳表面电场与感应电流密度显著增强，尤其在14 GHz附近因开孔结构与Ku波段波导口面尺寸接近引发谐振，导致该频点电流密度急剧上升；飞控主板中FM25V05型芯片在14、15、16、18 GHz频点易出现过压，其中Vdd端在18 GHz时电压高达21.868 V，远超其工作阈值，可导致功能失效。本研究为HPM反无人机系统的频率优选与作战策略制定提供了理论依据与仿真支持。Abstract:
Background The backdoor coupling effect of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) under high-power microwave (HPM) irradiation is an important topic in the field of electromagnetic protection and countermeasures.Purpose This paper investigates the electromagnetic coupling characteristics of a certain type of mini-UAV under HPM exposure, aiming to reveal its electromagnetic response and damage mechanisms under different frequencies and incidence angles.Methods Based on the UAV kinematic model and spatial energy transfer theory, a dual-coordinate system model incorporating flight attitude variations was established. Using the COMSOL Multiphysics simulation platform, the electric field and current distributions on the UAV fuselage and internal flight control motherboard were systematically analyzed within the 1—18 GHz frequency range under various incident angles.Results The simulation results indicate that the typical backdoor coupling pathway of the selected UAV——the openings on both sides of the fuselage——is the critical channel connecting external irradiation and internal damage. As the frequency and incident angle increase, the electric field and induced current density on the fuselage surface increase significantly. Particularly near 14 GHz, a strong resonance occurs due to the match between the aperture size and the Ku-band waveguide dimensions, leading to a sharp rise in current density at this frequency. The FM25V05 chip on the flight control motherboard is prone to overvoltage at 14, 15, 16, and 18 GHz. The Vdd pin voltage reaches 21.868 V at 18 GHz, far exceeding its operational threshold and potentially causing functional failure.Conclusion This study provides a theoretical basis and simulation support for frequency selection and operational strategy development in HPM-based anti-UAV systems. -
图 5 入射角对空间电场分布的影响
Figure 5. Effect of angle of incidence on electric field distribution in space
图 6 8 GHz高功率微波辐照无人机表面电场与入射角的关系
Figure 6. Relationship between surface electric field and angle of incidence for 8 GHz high-power microwave irradiated UAV
图 7 机壳最大表面电场随频率和入射角的关系
Figure 7. Maximum surface electric field of the enclosure as a function of frequency and angle of incidence
图 8 入射角20°时的无人机表面电流密度分布
Figure 8. Current density distribution on the surface of the UAV at an incidence angle of 20°
图 9 机壳最大表面电流密度随频率和入射角的关系
Figure 9. Maximum surface current density of enclosure as a function of frequency and angle of incidence
图 10 飞控主板正面与反面模型图
Figure 10. Flight control motherboard front and reverse model drawings
图 11 飞控主板最大表面电场随频率和入射角的关系
Figure 11. Maximum surface electric field as a function of frequency and angle of incidence for flight control motherboards
图 12 飞控主板最大表面电流密度随频率和入射角的关系
Figure 12. Maximum surface current density as a function of frequency and angle of incidence for flight control motherboards
图 14 入射角20°时1～18 GHz的飞控主板表面电场分布
Figure 14. Electric field distribution on the surface of the flight control motherboard from 1 to 18 GHz at an incidence angle of 20°
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