Simulation study of coupling response of aerial vehicle antennas under high power-microwave radiation
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摘要: 无人机蜂群与低空经济的发展凸显了高功率微波（HPM）攻防技术的战略价值。本研究针对无人机导航天线和数据链天线，基于COMSOL构建三维电磁耦合模型，通过场－路协同仿真分析其在HPM辐照下的时频响应特性。结果表明：导航天线在带内及邻近频段无论线极化或圆极化激励，均出现上升沿展宽、下降沿“截断”等波形失真，因其等效为窄带移相网络，在“宽带”脉冲激励下引发强烈色散，导致时域波形畸变；而数据链天线在各类激励下波形保持完整，因其幅频与相频响应平坦，色散弱。频域结果显示，两类天线最大耦合电压偏移于中心频点，最大功率位于中心频点。导航天线对右旋圆极化响应最强，但频偏时出现左旋耦合增强现象；数据链天线对各类极化响应相近，呈极化不敏感性。研究认为，天线的极化类型与频率选择性通过内在色散机制主导HPM耦合过程，决定能量响应与波形完整性，建议构建“前端滤波—瞬态抑制—系统冗余”的多层级防护体系，提升无人机电磁韧性。本研究可为无人机的反制与防护提供一定提供理论支撑。Abstract:
Background The development of drone swarms and the low-altitude economy has highlighted the strategic importance of high-power microwave attack and defense technologies.Purpose This study aims to analyze the time-frequency response characteristics of drone navigation antennas and data link antennas under HPM irradiation.Methods A three-dimensional electromagnetic coupling model was constructed based on COMSOL, and field-circuit co-simulation was employed to investigate the antennas’ responses to HPM exposure across different polarization types and frequency bands.Results The results show that the navigation antenna, equivalent to a narrowband phase-shifting network, exhibits waveform distortions such as rising-edge broadening and falling-edge “truncation” under in-band and adjacent broadband pulse excitation due to strong dispersion. In contrast, the data link antenna maintains waveform integrity under various excitations owing to its flat amplitude-frequency and phase-frequency responses with weak dispersion. In the frequency domain, both antennas exhibit maximum coupled voltage at frequencies offset from the center, while the peak power occurs at the center frequency. The navigation antenna responds most strongly to right-hand circular polarization but shows enhanced left-hand coupling at frequency offsets. The data link antenna demonstrates similar responses to all polarizations, indicating polarization insensitivity.Conclusions The polarization type and frequency selectivity of antennas dominate the HPM coupling process through intrinsic dispersion mechanisms, determining energy response and waveform integrity. A multi-level protection system incorporating “front-end filtering—transient suppression—system redundancy” is recommended to enhance the electromagnetic resilience of drones. This study provides theoretical support for the countermeasures and protection of drones. -
图 6 窄谱高功率微波时域图和频谱图
Figure 6. Narrow-spectrum high-power microwave time-domain and spectral maps
图 7 脉冲辐照和点频辐照天线负载端耦合电压
Figure 7. Coupling voltages at the load end of pulse-irradiated and single-frequency point-irradiated antennas with bandwidths
图 8 不同极化和频率的高功率微波辐照下数据链天线和导航接收天线的负载耦合电压波形
Figure 8. Load-coupled voltage waveforms of data-link antenna and navigation receiving antenna under high-power microwave irradiation with different polarizations and frequencies
图 9 不同入射角的高功率微波辐照下天线负载耦合波形
Figure 9. Antenna load coupling waveforms under high power microwave irradiation with different incidence angles
图 10 不同形式线极化辐照导航天线和数据链天线时负载响应电压和功率
Figure 10. Load response voltage and power for different forms of linearly polarized irradiated navigation antennas and datalink antennas
图 11 圆极化波垂直辐照导航天线和数据链天线的负载响应电压和功率
Figure 11. Load response voltage and power of circularly polarized wave vertically irradiated navigation and datalink antennas
图 12 不同入射角辐照导航天线和数据链天线的负载响应电压和功率
Figure 12. Load response voltage and power of irradiated navigation antenna and data-link antenna with different incidence angles
表 1 不同距离对应的场强
Table 1. Field strength corresponding to different distances
launch power/GW antenna gain/dB distance/km E/(kV·m−1) 3 40 1 30 3 40 2 15 3 40 3 10 3 40 4 7.5 3 40 5 6 
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