High power microwave front door channel effect of GNSS-compatible receiver antennas
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摘要: 通过辐照实验和热测方法研究了一型GNSS兼容接收机天线高功率微波（HPM）前门通道效应。辐照实验表明，在HPM频率1.6 GHz、脉宽50 ns、到靶功率密度约35 W/cm2条件下，实验的6个天线样本中有4个完全损伤、2个降级。对该型GNSS天线射频通道的分析和测试表明，其包含三级放大电路：第一级由两个滤波器和两个低噪放（LNA）分别形成中心频率约1.25 GHz和约1.6 GHz两条射频通道，其后信号合路进入共用的第二和第三级LNA。研究结果表明：HPM脉冲频率（1.6 GHz）所在射频通道的第一级LNA被HPM脉冲降级或损伤，是导致该型GNSS天线样本出现降级和损伤的原因；另一通道的第一级LNA及共用的第二、第三级LNA未受明显影响。原位更换受损的第一级LNA后，GNSS天线功能恢复正常，这说明该型GNSS天线前门效应与HPM频率具有较强相关性。Abstract:
Background Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) compatible receiver antennas—integrating multiple global navigation constellations—feature more complex front-door radio frequency (RF) channel architectures than single-constellation GPS antennas. High power microwave (HPM) effect research on GNSS compatible antennas with complex RF front-end were rarely seen.Purpose To investigate the GNSS compatible antenna HPM effects, radiation experiments on a type of GNSS-compatible receiver antenna were carried out, a customized characterization approach was designed to analyze the damaged antennas and identify the specific failed components within the complex RF front-end.Methods The RF front-end structure of the antenna was analyzed, revealing a design with two separate RF channels (around 1.25 GHz and 1.6 GHz), each with a dedicated first-stage low-noise amplifier (LNA), followed by shared second and third-stage LNAs. The performance of these components was characterized employing a customized “hot measurement” setup, which using a vector network analyzer incorporating a test antenna and a DC blocker.Results The measurements pinpointed the failure to the first-stage LNA (Q6) of the RF channel corresponding to the HPM source frequency of 1.6 GHz. This specific component showed significant degradation or complete failure. In contrast, the first-stage LNA (Q4) of the other channel (～1.25 GHz) and the shared subsequent amplifier stages (Q2 and Q1) remained unaffected. The root cause was confirmed by replacing the damaged Q6 LNA, which successfully restored the antenna’s full functionality.Conclusions This work demonstrates that in a multi-channel RF front-end, HPM effects can be highly localized, selectively damaging the first-stage amplifier of the channel cover the HPM frequency while sparing other sections. The findings provide valuable insights into the HPM vulnerability of complex RF systems and offer a reference methodology for related effect analysis.-
Key words:
- GNSS antenna /
- high power microwave /
- effect /
- front-door channel /
- low noise amplifier(LNA)
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图 4 GNSS天线“热测”示意图
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of “hot measurement” setup for GNSS antenna
图 5 降级的GNSS天线传输系数（S21）测试结果
Figure 5. Measured transmission coefficient (S21) of the degraded GNSS antenna
图 6 损伤的GNSS天线传输特性测试结果
Figure 6. Measured transmission coefficient (S21) of the damaged GNSS antenna
图 7 修复后GNSS天线传输特性测试结果
Figure 7. Measured transmission coefficient (S21) of the recovered GNSS antenna
表 1 某GNSS天线支持的导航系统和频带
Table 1. The navigation systems and frequency bands supported by the GNSS antennas
GNSS system Band Bandwidth GPS L1 ( 1575.42 ±1.023) MHzL2 ( 1227.60 ±1.023) MHzGLONASS L1 ( 1602.5625 ±4.0) MHzL2 ( 1246.4375 ±4.0) MHzBDS B1 ( 1561.098 ±2.046) MHzB2 ( 1207.52 ±2.046) MHz
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