Numerical simulation and experimental study on the thermal ablation behavior of plain-woven CFRP in a vacuum environment
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摘要: 以激光作为加载热源，结合数值模拟与实验方法，研究了平纹编织碳纤维增强树脂复合材料在真空环境下的热烧蚀行为。建立了编织复合材料的细观热烧蚀理论模型，基于纤维纱线-基体双相建模策略，并结合有限元热分析模块与自定义子程序，实现了纤维与基体热导率的非线性演化及烧蚀形貌的动态模拟。基于红外与热电偶测温系统，设计实验并获得了材料辐照面的瞬态温度场、背面温升曲线以及烧蚀前后表面反射率的光谱变化。结果表明，真空环境下复合材料未出现起火现象，环氧树脂基体发生明显热分解与质量损失，而碳纤维形貌保持相对稳定。数值模拟结果与实验数据吻合良好，表明所建立的模型能够表征真空环境下材料的烧蚀温度场与形貌演变规律，可为复合材料在极端环境下的热安全评估和优化设计提供参考。Abstract:
Background As an advanced composite material widely used in the aerospace field, carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) is subjected to extreme service environments characterized by high heat flux and high mechanical loads. Its thermal ablation and high-temperature failure processes are significantly influenced by environmental conditions. Although numerical and experimental studies on the ablation behavior of CFRP have been extensively conducted, systematic experimental research and experimental-simulation comparisons for the ablation behavior of plain-woven CFRP under vacuum environment remain lacking.Purpose This study aims to conduct laser ablation experiments on plain-woven CFRP in a vacuum environment and to establish corresponding theoretical and numerical models of thermal ablation. The work seeks to reveal the internal heat transfer characteristics and the evolution mechanism of ablation damage, thereby providing theoretical and data support for the design and application of composite materials under vacuum or rarefied gas environments.Methods Experimentally, laser was used as the heat source to design and perform thermal ablation tests on plain-woven CFRP under vacuum. An experimental system based on infrared and thermocouple temperature measurements was employed to record the transient temperature field on the irradiated surface and the temperature of the back surface. In terms of simulation, based on a fiber-yarn/matrix dual-phase micro-modeling strategy and combined with a finite element thermal analysis module and user-defined subroutines, a theoretical and numerical model for the thermal ablation of woven composites was developed.Results Experimental results show that no open flame combustion occurred in the composite under vacuum. The epoxy resin matrix underwent significant thermal decomposition and mass loss, while the morphology and structure of the carbon fibers remained intact. The established numerical model relatively accurately simulated the ablation temperature field and ablation morphology, achieving the simulation of the dynamic ablation process including resin decomposition and fiber exposure.Conclusions The vacuum environment significantly alters the laser ablation characteristics and final morphology of plain-woven CFRP. Due to the higher energy deposition rate of the laser in the material, a more pronounced heat accumulation effect is induced. The numerical simulation results agree well with the experimental data, verifying the reliability of the model. This study provides an effective analytical tool and theoretical basis for the thermal safety assessment and functional design of woven CFRP in extreme service environments.-
Key words:
- CFRP /
- plain-woven /
- ablation /
- temperature field /
- vacuum
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图 6 编织复合材料辐照前后微观形貌对比
Figure 6. Comparison of microscopic morphology of woven composites before and after irradiation
图 7 激光辐照下平纹编织复合材料前表面瞬态温度场分布
Figure 7. Transient temperature field distribution of the front surface of plain-woven composites under laser irradiation
图 8 不同环境下烧蚀形貌与热成像对比
Figure 8. Comparison of ablation characteristics and morphology under different environments
图 9 实验前后样品反射光谱对比
Figure 9. Comparison of sample reflectance spectra before and after the experiment
图 10 平纹编织复合材料热烧蚀数值模型
Figure 10. Numerical model of thermal ablation of plain-woven composites
图 13 实验与仿真烧蚀形貌对比
Figure 13. Comparison of experimental and simulated ablation morphology
图 14 复合材料前后表面温度变化曲线对比
Figure 14. Temperature variation history of the front and back surfaces of composite materials
表 1 复合材料热物性参数
Table 1. Thermal and physical properties of composites
Parameters Value Units Fiber thermal conductivity kf 30 W/m/K Resin thermal conductivity kb 0.3 W/m/K Char thermal conductivity kp 5 W/m/K Pyrolysis gas thermal conductivity kg 0.025 W/m/K Fiber specific heat capacity cf 956 J/kg/K Resin specific heat capacity cb 1690 J/kg/K Char specific heat capacity cp 1589 J/kg/K Pyrolysis gas specific heat capacity cg 720 J/kg/K Pre-exponential factor J0 3.6e5 s−1 Activation energy for resin decomposition EA 6.48e4 J/mol Universal gas constant R 8.314 J/mol/K Reaction order n 3 / 
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