惯性约束聚变中黑腔能量亏损问题研究进展

秦雪龙; 赵航; 李琦; 潘凯强; 刘耀远; 李三伟; 张璐; 杨冬; 龚韬; 李志超

doi:10.11884/HPLPB202638.250346

惯性约束聚变中黑腔能量亏损问题研究进展

doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250346

中国工程物理研究院激光聚变研究中心，四川绵阳 621900

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目(12105270,12205272,12205274,12275251,12305262); 等离子体物理国家重点实验室基金项目(6142A04230103)

详细信息

作者简介:
秦雪龙，qxl19@pku.edu.cn

通讯作者:
龚　韬，gongtao5@mail.ustc.edu.cn

李志超，limatu@163.com。

中图分类号: O53
计量
- 文章访问数: 11
- HTML全文浏览量: 5
- PDF下载量: 0
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-10-14
- 修回日期: 2026-01-27
- 录用日期: 2026-01-12
- 网络出版日期: 2026-02-12

Research progress on hohlraum energy deficit in inertial confinement fusion

Laser Fusion Research Center, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China

摘要

摘要: 在间接驱动的激光惯性约束聚变中，对靶丸处X射线驱动强度的精确计算是精准预言氘氚燃料靶丸内爆性能的基础。这需要利用辐射流体模拟程序，对激光到X射线转换和腔壁X光吸收损失等过程进行精确模拟。然而，自美国国家点火装置（NIF）的点火攻关计划启动以来，辐射流体模拟程序预测的靶丸处X射线驱动强度持续高于实验测量值，即普遍存在的黑腔能量亏损现象。尽管NIF开展了大量实验研究并持续优化其辐射流体模拟模型，但这一挑战性的黑腔能量亏损问题至今未能得到彻底解决，成为实现高增益惯性约束聚变的关键障碍之一。本文将系统介绍NIF黑腔能量亏损问题上的关键研究进展，并对NIF与我国在靶丸处辐射流强度表征的方法展开介绍。
- 惯性约束聚变 /
- 黑腔 /
- 能量亏损 /
- 辐射流 /
- 研究进展
Abstract: In indirect-drive laser inertial confinement fusion (ICF), the precise calculation of X-ray drive intensity at the capsule is crucial for accurately predicting the implosion performance of deuterium-tritium fuel capsules. Achieving this requires detailed radiation-hydrodynamic simulations that accurately capture processes such as laser-to-X-ray conversion and X-ray absorption losses at the hohlraum walls. However, since the inception of the National Ignition Campaign at the National Ignition Facility (NIF), radiation-hydrodynamic simulations have consistently overestimated the experimentally measured X-ray drive flux intensity at the capsule, reflecting the widespread presence of hohlraum energy deficits. Although extensive experimental studies have been conducted at NIF along with continuous optimization of its radiation-hydrodynamic simulation models, the challenging issue of hohlraum energy deficit remains unresolved, constituting one of the critical barriers to achieving high-gain inertial confinement fusion. This paper systematically reviews the critical research developments regarding hohlraum energy deficit at NIF and introduces the methods adopted by NIF and China for characterizing the X-ray radiation flux intensity at the capsule.
- inertial confinement fusion /
- hohlraum /
- energy deficit /
- radiation flux /
- research progress

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图 1 早期NIC实验辐射流测量结果与模拟值的一致性对比

Figure 1. Agreement between measured radiation fluxes and simulations at subscale and ignition-scale energies in early NIC experiments

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图 2 缩比黑腔实验中X 射线 bangtime 与峰值辐射流的关系，揭示缩比黑腔模拟对驱动强度的系统性高估^[7]

Figure 2. Relationship between X-ray bangtime and peak radiation flux showing the systematic drive overprediction in subscale hohlraum simulations^[7]

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图 3 0.7 倍缩比真空黑腔的辐射流测量结果，体现高流模型对实验的改进拟合能力

Figure 3. Radiation flux measurements in 0.7-scale vacuum hohlraums demonstrating improved modeling with the high-flux approach

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图 4 NIC充气黑腔实验中峰值X射线辐射流测量值与高流模型和普通黑腔模型模拟结果对比^[13]

Figure 4. Peak X-ray flux in NIC gas-filled hohlraum experiments and its comparison with high-flux model and common hohlraum predictions^[13]

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图 5 NIC全能量内爆调谐实验中内爆动力学的测量结果与模拟值对比^[15]

Figure 5. Measurements and simulations of implosion dynamics in NIC full-energy tuning experiments^[15]

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图 6 视因子测量平台中黑腔结构与诊断配置示意^[17]

Figure 6. Hohlraum geometry and diagnostic configuration used in the view-factor measurement platform^[17]

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图 7 视因子实验中 X 射线辐射流的测量与模拟对比，体现靶丸处驱动不足^[17]

Figure 7. Measured and simulated X-ray fluxes in the view-factor experiment revealing the drive deficit at the capsule^[17]

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图 8 NIF近真空综合内爆实验中的辐射温度、内爆轨迹及发射历程^[19]

Figure 8. Radiation temperature, implosion trajectory and emission histories in NIF near-vacuum integrated implosion experiments ^[19]

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图 9 不同内外环波长差的黑腔类型及其相对模拟结果的激光能量利用率^[16]

Figure 9. Laser-energy fraction relative to simulations for hohlraums with different inner–outer cone wavelength differences^[16]

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图 10 NIF通过匹配冲击波定时与内爆轨迹获得激光功率乘积因子^[4]

Figure 10. Derivation of laser power multipliers by matching simulated and measured shock timing and implosion trajectory at NIF^[4]

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图 11 NIF 内爆模拟中典型时间依赖的激光功率乘积因子^[15]

Figure 11. Typical time-dependent laser power multipliers used in NIF implosion simulations^[15]

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图 12 NIF基于激光功率与内环份额乘积因子的模拟修正流程示意图^[5]

Figure 12. Schematic of the simulation correction workflow based on laser power and inner-cone fraction multipliers at NIF^[5]

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图 13 NIF 氘氚分层靶典型内爆实验中的激光功率与内环份额乘积因子^[21]

Figure 13. Laser power and inner-cone fraction multipliers for a typical NIF DT layered implosion^[21]

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图 14 NIF不同实验条件采用的乘积因子^[5]

Figure 14. Drive multipliers used under different NIF experimental conditions^[5]

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图 15 SCRAM 与多种 DCA 原子模型计算的金光谱积分发射率随温度变化的比较^[24]

Figure 15. Comparison of spectrally integrated Au emission versus temperature calculated using SCRAM and several DCA atomic models^[24]

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图 16 镜反光过程示意图^[26]

Figure 16. Schematic of the glint process^[26]

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图 17 三种模型的模拟结果与实验结果的对比^[24]

Figure 17. Comparison of simulation results from three models with experimental data^[24]

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图 18 三种模型在不同充气密度条件下模拟的X光bangtime和实验结果的差异^[24]

Figure 18. Differences between simulated and measured X-ray bangtimes for three models at different fill densities^[24]

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图 19 用于测量充气黑腔内环镜反光的 Ti 观测盘实验设计^[26]

Figure 19. Ti witness-plate experimental setup for measuring inner-beam glint in gas-filled hohlraums ^[26]

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图 20 0.6 mg/cc充气密度下X射线图像与镜反光射线追踪模拟对比结果^[26]

Figure 20. Comparison of X-ray images and raytracing simulations of glint at a gas-fill density of 0.6 mg/cc^[26]

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图 21 不同充气密度下 Ti 观测盘镜反光功率和 X 射线图像的实验结果^[26]

Figure 21. Ti witness-plate measurements of glint power and X-ray images at different gas-fill densities ^[26]

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图 22 用于诊断黑腔等离子体状态的埋点谱仪平台实验设计^[27]

Figure 22. Schematic of the dot spectroscopy platform for diagnosing hohlraum plasma conditions ^[27]

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图 23 埋点谱仪平台实验结果及与不同热传导模型的对比^[26]

Figure 23. Dot-spectroscopy measurements and transport-model comparisons in the view-factor hohlraum platform^[26]

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图 24 NIF橄榄球黑腔实验模拟和测量得到的P₂模畸变的对比^[30]

Figure 24. Comparison of simulated and measured P₂ mode distortion in NIF rugby hohlraum experiments^[30]

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图 25 NIF橄榄球黑腔模拟中引入与未引入腔壁–气体混合时的物质状态对比^[30]

Figure 25. Hohlraum material state in NIF rugby-hohlraum simulations with and without wall–gas mix ^[30]

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图 26 NIF 直柱金腔实验中呈现周期扰动结构的 X 光静态成像系统图像^[30]

Figure 26. SXI images from NIF cylindrical gold hohlraum experiments showing periodic perturbation structures ^[30]

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图 27 腔壁–气体混合引起的熵增与金–氦界面金泡振幅归一化量之间的关系^[31]

Figure 27. Relationship between entropy generation from wall–gas mixing and normalized bubble amplitude at the Au–He interface^[31]

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图 28 NIF N140207发高分辨率模拟中金-气体界面的金浓度分布呈现KH涡旋结构^[32]

Figure 28. Gold concentration distribution at the gold-gas interface of the NIF N140207 shot displaying KH roll-ups from high-resolution simulation ^[32]

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图 29 NIF低充气视因子实验设计（LEH端向下）^[33]

Figure 29. NIF low-gas-fill viewfactor experimental design with LEH end down^[33]

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图 30 NIF低充气视因子实验设计（敞口端向下）^[33]

Figure 30. NIF Low-Gas-Fill ViewFactor Experimental Design with open end down^[33]

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图 31 NIF低充气视因子实验结果（LEH端向下）^[33]

Figure 31. NIF Low-Gas-Fill ViewFactor Experimental results with LEH end down^[33]

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图 32 引入不透明度因子后NIF“Build A Hohlraum”能量亏损分解实验中的辐射强度亏损结果^[34]

Figure 32. Radiant intensity deficits modeled with an opacity factor in the NIF “Build A Hohlraum” campaign^[34]

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图 33 神光-III原型充气柱腔靶丸表面再发射流实验^[37]

Figure 33. Gas-filled cylindrical hohlraum re-emitted flux experiment on capsule at SG-III Prototype^[37]

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图 34 神光-III原型充气柱腔靶丸再发射流实验结果^[37]

Figure 34. Results of capsule surface re-emission flux in SG-III prototype gas-filled hohlraums^[37]

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图 35 神光100 kJ装置再发射流和冲击波速度联合诊断示意图^[6]

Figure 35. Schematic of joint diagnostics of re-emitted flux and shock wave velocity at Shenguang 100 kJ facility^[6]

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图 36 神光100 kJ装置再发射流和冲击波速度联合诊断实验结果^[6]

Figure 36. Experimental results of joint diagnostics of re-emitted flux and shock wave velocity at Shenguang 100 kJ facility^[6]

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