Recent Advances in Betatron Radiation Sources Driven by Laser–Plasma Interactions
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摘要: 随着超短超强激光技术的飞速发展，激光等离子体加速已成为产生GeV量级高能电子束与高品质辐射源的重要途径。其中，Betatron辐射作为一种机制紧凑、脉冲持续时间达飞秒量级的新型射线源，具有源尺寸小，高亮度等特点。在高能量密度物理、材料科学、成像及超快动态探测与高空间分辨成像等领域展现出巨大应用潜力。系统梳理了激光尾波场加速与直接激光加速两种核心机制产生Betatron辐射的物理原理、研究进展与发展趋势。详细对比了LWFA与DLA两种方案所产生Betatron辐射在关键参数（如光子能量、通量、亮度、能谱与稳定性）上的特性差异，总结了其各自的品质因子与适用场景。最后，展望了该领域未来面临的挑战，如提升光子的中心能量、产额、亮度及转换效率，并为基于下一代强激光大科学装置开展相关实验研究提供了方向性参考。
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关键词:
- 激光尾场加速 /
- 激光直接加速 /
- 等离子体 /
- Betatron辐射
Abstract: The rapid advancement of ultra-short and ultra-intense laser technology has established laser-plasma acceleration as a premier approach for generating GeV-level electron beams and high-quality radiation sources. Among these, Betatron radiation—emitted as electrons oscillate transversely in plasma channels—has emerged as a unique source characterized by its femtosecond pulse duration, micron-scale source size, and high peak brightness. It holds significant potential in high-energy-density physics, materials science, and ultrafast imaging. This review systematically outlines the physical principles and reviews the latest research progress of Betatron radiation generated via two core mechanisms: laser wakefield acceleration (LWFA) and direct laser acceleration (DLA). A detailed comparison reveals that while the LWFA scheme excels in producing highly collimated, high-energy photons with superior brilliance, the DLA mechanism within near-critical-density plasmas offers a different trade-off. Although DLA generates a significantly larger number of electrons and a higher photon flux, these are characterized by lower photon energies and a wider angular spread. Consequently, the divergence of the emitted X-rays typically reaches hundreds of milliradians, which limits the overall brilliance. The review concludes that the future of Betatron radiation lies in enhancing repetition rates and achieving active control over radiation parameters. Developing Hybrid schemes and structured targets offer potential to overcome the trade-off between high flux and high brilliance, guiding future experiments at large-scale facilities.-
Key words:
- laser wake field acceleration /
- direct laser acceleration /
- plasma /
- betatron radiation
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图 3 双阶段混合方案示意图和双级等离子体方案示意图
Figure 3. Schematics of the two-stage hybrid scheme and two-stage plasma scheme
表 1 激光器与等离子体产生Betatron 辐射源的统计结果
Table 1. Summary of Betatron Radiation Sources Generated by Lasers and Plasmas
Schemes Laser Power/
EnergyEc/keV Efficiency/% Photon/sr Divergence
Angle/ (°)Peak Brilliance/
(photons·s−1·mm−2·
mrad−2· (0.1%bw)−1)Reference LWFA 1 J 2 — $ 1\times {10}^{8} $ (Photon/sr, per shot) 2.9 $ 2.0\times {10}^{22} $ [16] 5.5 J 50 — $ 5\times {10}^{8} \;(\mathrm{Photon}/\mathrm{sr}) $ — $ 1.0\times {10}^{23} $ [21] 2 J 8 10−4 $ 1\times {10}^{8} \;(Photon/sr) $ 0.7 $ 1.0\times {10}^{22} $ [23] 60 TW 5.2 — $ ＞ 5\times {10}^{7} $ (Photon/sr, per shot) — $ 2.0\times {10}^{22} $ [27] 440 TW 36 5×10−3 — ＞50 $ 1.0\times {10}^{17} $ [33] 100 TW 75 — $ 8\times {10}^{8}\; (\mathrm{Photon}/\mathrm{sr},～\mathrm{per}～\mathrm{shot}) $ — $ 1.0\times {10}^{23} $ [42] 200 TW 5～26 — $ 2.1\times {10}^{8} $ ($ \mathrm{Photon}/\text{sr} $) — $ 1.0\times {10}^{23} $ [43] 7.7 PW — ＞10 $ 1\times {10}^{9} $ (Photon/0.1%BW) 2 $ 8.0\times {10}^{26} $ [49] 5.9 kJ — ～13 $ 1\times {10}^{14} $ (Photon/sr) 11 $ 1.0\times {10}^{26} $ [50] 1 PW 22 — $ 4\times {10}^{9} $ (Photon/sr, per shot) 0.7 $ 1.0\times {10}^{23} $ [52] 100 TW 13.5 — $ 1\times {10}^{8} $ (Photon/sr, per shot) — — [54] DLA 20 J 10 1.6×10−3 $ 1\times {10}^{13} $ ($ \mathrm{Photon}/\text{sr} $) 14～16 $ 1.0\times {10}^{21} $ [66] 135 TW 150 0.01 $ 3\times {10}^{10} $ ($ \mathrm{Photon}/\text{sr} $) 2.9 $ 1.2\times {10}^{22} $ [68] — — 0.2 $ 2.15\times {10}^{5} $ (Photon/sr+
Photon/0.1%BW)10 $ 4.3\times {10}^{22} $ [72] 10 PW — 1.5 $ 1\times {10}^{10} $ (Photon/0.1%BW) — $ 1.0\times {10}^{22} $ [73] 80 J 5 — $ 7\times {10}^{11} $ (Photon/sr) 40 $ 6.0\times {10}^{19} $ [79] 20 J 5 3.4×10−3 $ 2\times {10}^{8} $ (photons/eV) 5～15 $ 3.3\times {10}^{20} $ [81] LWFA+PWFA 500 TW 9 MeV 0.9 $ 3.5\times {10}^{7} $ (Photon/0.1%BW) 0.86 $ 4.4\times {10}^{23} $ [48] 
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