氟化铅超快响应光电倍增管研制及性能研究

金真; 王志; 孙建宁; 王宁; 李静雯; 王兴超; 司曙光; 吴凯; 吴超; 黄国瑞; 周延; 赵敏; 侯巍; 李安然

doi:10.11884/HPLPB202638.250392

氟化铅超快响应光电倍增管研制及性能研究

doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250392

北方夜视科技（南京）研究院有限公司，江苏南京 211106

详细信息

作者简介:
金　真，zhen_jin999@163.com

中图分类号: TN152
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-11-02
- 修回日期: 2025-12-27
- 录用日期: 2025-12-15
- 网络出版日期: 2026-02-27

Development and performance study of lead fluoride ultrafast response photomultiplier tube

Northern Night Vision Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 211106

摘要

摘要: 研制了一种基于氟化铅（PbF₂）光窗、微通道板（MCP）、锥形阳极集成的超快响应光电倍增管。PbF₂晶体以其超快的契伦科夫辐射为主导的发光机理，成为实现皮秒级时间分辨的理想闪烁体与光窗材料^[12]。在制备方法上，为保护氟化铅晶体及避免氟化铅晶体高膨胀系数带来的高温膜层失效，采用蒸镀过渡膜层的方式，在样管密封上后端采用激光焊接、前端采用热压铟封的方式进行整管密接，最终制备出性能可测的氟化铅超快响应光电倍增管产品。同时对其进行了性能评估和数据分析，其量子效率、增益、上升时间等核心指标与常规快时间响应微通道板型光电倍增管性能基本相当，具备较高的光电转换效率、超快的时间响应、较高的二次电子倍增能力，为后续超快探测领域提供试验基础。
- 超快响应 /
- 氟化铅 /
- 微通道板型 /
- 增益 /
- 上升时间
Abstract: Background
Typically, radiation detectors require an additional coupled scintillator layer to convert incident radiation rays into optical signals, which are then received by the detector. Compared to other types of glass, lead fluoride (PbF₂) glass has a high refractive index, and when electrons pass through a lead fluoride crystal, they generate Cherenkov light. As a result, lead fluoride itself can function as a scintillator.
Purpose
Using a lead fluoride crystal as the optical window of a detector enables it to both generate and detect light. This optimizes the optical transmission and detection performance, shortens the conversion time from the reaction medium to photons, improves the detector’s efficiency, and provides an experimental foundation for future applications in ultrafast detection.
Methods
After cleaning components such as the cathode input window, ceramic parts, and anode of the photomultiplier tube, a transition indium sealing film layer is deposited on the cathode input window. The ceramic and metal components are then sealed and assembled into a tube shell using a hydrogen furnace. Indium sealing solder is melted into the tube shell’s indium sealing groove, and the tube shell is laser-welded to the anode. The processed tube shell, microchannel plate (MCP), and anode are assembled according to the designed structure. After assembly, the tube shell components and cathode window are mounted on a transfer-type cathode activation and exhaust station. Cathode activation and MCP electron scrubbing processes are then performed. Upon completion of these steps, the tube shell and cathode window are sealed together using indium sealing, resulting in the fabrication of an MCP-type photomultiplier tube bare tube.
Results
Two PbF₂-window MCP-PMTs were successfully prepared, and their electrical performance, including quantum efficiency and operating voltage, can be measured.
Conclusions
By integrating lead fluoride crystals, fast-time-response microchannel plates, and a fast-time coaxial conical anode, this study has successfully addressed key technical challenges in the preparation of lead fluoride crystals as the optical window for photomultiplier tubes. Post-fabrication performance tests indicate that core parameters such as quantum efficiency, gain, and rise time are generally comparable to those of conventional fast-time-response MCP-PMTs.
- Ultra fast response /
- Lead fluoride /
- Microchannel plate type /
- Gain /
- rise time

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图 1 超快响应结构图

Figure 1. Ultra fast response structure diagram

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图 2 氟化铅光窗制备图

Figure 2. Preparation diagram of lead fluoride light window

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图 3 量子效率测试系统

Figure 3. Cathode radiation sensitivity test system

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图 4 单光子性能测试系统

Figure 4. Typical single photon spectrum

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图 5 典型单光子谱

Figure 5. Cathode radiation sensitivity test system

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图 6 时间特性

Figure 6. Time characteristics

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图 7 时间特性测试系统

Figure 7. Test system of time characteristics

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图 8 超快响应光电倍增管

Figure 8. Ultrafast response photomultiplier tube

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图 9 PbF2光窗

Figure 9. Lead fluoride light window

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表 1 实验结果

Table 1. Results of experiments

tube	light window material	cathode radiation sensitivity/%	voltage/V	gain	rise time/ps
PMT1	PbF₂	16.0	1690	1.0×10⁶	140
PMT2	PbF₂	11.2	2160	1.0×10⁶	145
PMT3	Borosilicate	15.0	2170	1.0×10⁶	144

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