IEC 61000-2-9: 2025与1996版HEMP标准的关键演化与对比分析

朱洪县; 宋福丽; 罗奕博; 牟璟昱; 张珍铭; 张修路

doi:10.11884/HPLPB202638.250434

IEC 61000-2-9: 2025与1996版HEMP标准的关键演化与对比分析

doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250434

西南科技大学核科学技术学院，四川绵阳 621010

基金项目: 中央引导地方科技发展资金资助项目(2025ZYDF042)

详细信息

作者简介:
朱洪县，zhuhongxian@mails.swust.edu.cn

通讯作者:
张修路，zhangxiulu@swust.edu.cn。

中图分类号: TL91
计量
- 文章访问数: 18
- HTML全文浏览量: 14
- PDF下载量: 2
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-12-02
- 修回日期: 2026-04-13
- 录用日期: 2026-04-03
- 网络出版日期: 2026-05-06

Key evolution and comparative analysis between IEC 61000-2-9: 2025 and the 1996 edition of HEMP standards

School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China

摘要

摘要: 针对早期、中期及晚期HEMP特性在对设备和系统影响评估精确性不断提高的需求，本文重点对比分析了IEC 61000-2-9: 1996和IEC 61000-2-9: 2025标准中HEMP电场和磁场各阶段的时域波形、幅值频谱和能量注量谱特性等内容。在2025版中，早期HEMP电场新增了指数商解析式、地表变化特征的信息及对远场区域认识变动，晚期HEMP时域波形公式由指定地层电导率σ_g下的E₃(t)修改成E₃(σ_g, t)；对早期HEMP磁场分量进行了补充修订，新增晚期HEMP磁场分量内容。早期HEMP和晚期HEMP的幅值频谱有所变动，中期HEMP的幅值频谱没有改变。在远场区内，功率谱在频域上提升至f > 10⁷ Hz的范围。最后对比了早期、中期和晚期HEMP对受试设备的影响。研究表明，IEC 61000-2-9: 2025的更新对于准确理解HEMP特性和实际场景贴合度更具有指导意义，为研究HEMP对各类设备及系统的具体影响提供了重要的参考依据。
- HEMP /
- 标准 /
- 电场时域波形 /
- 磁场分量 /
- 幅值频谱 /
- 能量注量谱
Abstract: Background
The High-altitude Nuclear Electromagnetic Pulse (HEMP) poses a significant threat to electronic and electrical systems. The evolving complexity of electromagnetic environments demands more accurate characterization of HEMP^,s early-time (E₁), intermediate-time (E₂), and late-time (E₃) phases for reliable impact assessment. The recent publication of IEC 61000-2-9:2025 introduces key updates to the 1996 edition, necessitating a systematic comparative analysis.
Purpose
This study aims to conduct a comprehensive comparison between the IEC 61000-2-9:1996 and 2025 standards. The goal is to elucidate the technical evolution in describing HEMP^,s electric and magnetic field waveforms, amplitude spectra, and energy fluence spectra, thereby clarifying the new standard's enhancements in accuracy and real-world alignment.
Methods
A detailed comparative analysis is performed, focusing on the time-domain waveforms, amplitude spectra, and energy fluence spectra for both electric and magnetic fields across the E₁, E₂, and E₃ phases. Key updates in the 2025 edition are examined, including new analytic expressions, revised waveform formulas incorporating ground conductivity, supplementary magnetic field descriptions, and changes in spectral definitions.
Results
Significant updates in the 2025 edition are identified. For the E₁ electric field, an exponential-rational (QEXP) analytical expression is introduced alongside the classic double-exponential (DEXP) form, with new information on ground surface variation features and revised understanding of the far-field region. The E₃ electric field waveform formula is modified from a fixed-conductivity expression, E₃(t), to a conductivity-dependent one, E₃(σ_g, t). The description of the E₁ magnetic field is supplemented, and the late-time magnetic field component is newly introduced. While the E₂ amplitude spectrum remains unchanged, those of E₁ and E₃ are revised. Furthermore, the frequency threshold for defining the far-field power spectrum is raised to f > 10⁷ Hz.
Conclusions
The IEC 61000-2-9:2025 standard provides a more accurate and practically relevant description of the HEMP environment compared to its 1996 predecessor. These updates provide an improved theoretical basis and enhanced guidance for evaluating the impact of HEMP on various systems and designing effective protective measures, which is crucial for addressing electromagnetic safety challenges in critical infrastructure.
- HEMP /
- standard /
- electric field time-domain waveform /
- magnetic field component /
- amplitude spectrum /
- energy fluence spectrum

HTML全文

图 1 各种E₁电场时域波形

Figure 1. Time-domain waveforms of various E₁ electric fields

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图 2 E₁的DEXP与QEXP时域波形及其时间导数波形比较

Figure 2. Comparison of time-domain waveforms and their time derivative waveforms between DEXP and QEXP of E₁

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图 3 E₁的DEXP和QEXP幅频曲线比

Figure 3. Comparison of DEXP and QEXP amplitude-frequency curves for the E₁ waveform

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图 4 三个E₁样本时间波形以及标准脉冲波形

Figure 4. Three E₁ sample time waveforms and the standard pulse

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图 5 三个E₁样本和标准脉冲幅频曲线

Figure 5. Three E₁ samples and the standard pulse amplitude-frequency curve

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图 7 IEC 61000-2-9两版本的E₃对比

Figure 7. Comparison of E₃ between IEC 61000-2-9: 1996 and IEC 61000-2-9: 2025

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图 6 HEMP E_3A和E_3B的示意图^[18]

Figure 6. Schematic diagram of the HEMP E_3A and E_3B^[18]

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图 8 IEC 61000-2-9两版本的完整HEMP电场时域波形对比

Figure 8. Comparison of complete HEMP electric field time-domain waveforms between IEC 61000-2-9: 1996 and IEC 61000-2-9: 2025

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图 9 估计为最坏情况的E₃解析磁场波形

Figure 9. Analytic B-field waveform estimated to be the worst-case E₃ waveform

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图 11 IEC 61000-2-9两版本的HEMP各成分的幅频曲线对比

Figure 11. Comparison of HEMP component amplitude-frequency curves between IEC 61000-2-9: 1996 and IEC 61000-2-9: 2025

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图 10 IEC 61000-2-9: 1996中E₁部分能量注量随频率变化曲线

Figure 10. Curve of energy fluence variation with frequency for the E₁ component in IEC 61000-2-9: 1996

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表 1 各种E₁波形标准的参数对比

Table 1. Parameter comparison of various E₁ waveform standards

organization	date	standard	E₁₀/(kV·m⁻¹)	k₁	α₁/(s⁻¹)	β₁/(s⁻¹)	t_r/(ns)	t_rp/(ns)	t_f/(ns)	t_fp/(ns)	t_d/(ns)	j/(J·m⁻²)	remark
Bell Lab.	1975	Bell Lab.	50	1.05	4.0×10⁶	4.76×10⁸	4.1	10.1	550		t_FWHM=184 ns	0.891
Wiley	1976	1976 publication	50	1.04	1.5×10⁶	2.6×10⁸	7.8		1465		t_FWHM=483 ns	2.35
DOD	1986	MIL-STD-461C	50	1.05	4.0×10⁶	4.76×10⁸	≈5.0		≈550		t_{d 90%}≈30 ns	0.891	≈ Bell
DOD	1993	MIL-STD-461D	50					≤10		≥75
DOD	1999	MIL-STD-461E	50	1.3	4.0×10⁷	6.0×10⁸	1.8～2.8				t_FWHM=23±5 ns	0.114	= IEC
DOD	2007	MIL-STD-461F	50	1.3	4.0×10⁷	6.0×10⁸	1.8～2.8				t_FWHM=23±5 ns	0.114	= IEC
DOD	2015	MIL-STD-461G	50	1.3	4.0×10⁷	6.0×10⁸	1.8～2.8				t_FWHM=23±5 ns	0.114	= IEC
DOD	1997	MIL-STD-464	50	1.3	4.0×10⁷	6.0×10⁸	1.8～2.8				t_FWHM=23±5 ns	0.114	= IEC
DOD	2002	MIL-STD-464A	50	1.3	4.0×10⁷	6.0×10⁸	1.8～2.8				t_FWHM=23±5 ns	0.114	= IEC
DOD	2010	MIL-STD-464C	50	1.3	4.0×10⁷	6.0×10⁸	1.8～2.8				t_FWHM=23±5 ns	0.114	= IEC
DOD	2020	MIL-STD-464D	50	1.3	4.0×10⁷	6.0×10⁸	1.8～2.8				t_FWHM=23±5 ns	0.114	= IEC
IEC	1996	IEC 61000-2-9	50	1.3	4.0×10⁷	6.0×10⁸	2.5	4.8			t_FWHM=23 ns	0.114
IEC	2025	IEC 61000-2-9	50	1.3	4.0×10⁷	6.0×10⁸	2.5	4.8			t_FWHM=23 ns	0.114	DEXP解析式

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表 2 E₁高空电磁脉冲波形参数

Table 2. E₁ HEMP waveform parameters

line	E₁₀/(kV·m⁻¹)	α₁/(10⁷s⁻¹)	β₁/(10⁸s⁻¹)	t_r/(ns)	t_FWHM/(ns)
0	50	4.00	6.00	2.5	23.0
1	20	17.72	9.36	1.2	6.8
2	42	5.23	5.44	2.5	19.0
3	13	0.91	4.66	3.9	86.0

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