Generation and applications of ultra-short and ultra-intense mid-infrared pulses from laser wakefields
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摘要: 超短超强中红外激光脉冲在强场物理、超快化学、环境监测、生物医疗等领域有独特应用价值，尤其在强场物理研究领域中，超短超强中红外光为开拓超强激光与物质相互作用的新物理提供了不同于以往近红外波段的波长新尺度。然而受限于传统激光晶体及非线性晶体损伤阈值，长期以来产生大能量近单周期中红外光源始终是超快激光技术领域的重要挑战。近年来，利用等离子体作为非线性光学介质，基于激光尾场的等离子体光子减速过程产生超短超强中红外脉冲成为激光等离子体领域的研究新方向。本文围绕等离子体光子减速这一物理机制，系统介绍其基本原理、数值模拟及实验研究进展以及未来的应用前景。Abstract: Ultra-short and ultra-intense mid-infrared laser pulses hold unique application value in fields such as strong-field physics, ultrafast chemistry, environmental monitoring, and biomedical applications. Particularly in strong-field physics research, ultra-short and ultra-intense mid-infrared pulses provide a new wavelength scale distinct from the conventional near-infrared range, enabling the exploration of novel physics in the interaction between ultra-intense lasers and matter. However, due to the damage thresholds of traditional laser crystals and nonlinear crystals, the generation of high-energy, single-cycle mid-infrared light sources has long remained a significant challenge in ultrafast laser technology. In recent years, utilizing plasma as a nonlinear optical medium, the generation of ultra-short and ultra-intense mid-infrared pulses through photon deceleration process based on laser wakes has emerged as a new research direction in laser-plasma physics. This paper systematically reviews the fundamental principles, numerical simulations, experimental progress, and future application prospects surrounding this physical mechanism of plasma photon deceleration.
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图 2 基于“先低后高”等离子体结构的单周期中红外脉冲产生。(a) 等离子体结构密度分布。(b) 驱动激光脉宽及峰值
$ {a}_{0} $ 随传输距离的演化。(c) 光谱随传输距离的演化。（d）初始光谱与最终光谱对比。插图显示了滤波后的红外脉冲（阴影区域）电场的时间变化。[48]Figure 2. The structure and output of the LWIR source. a, The density profile of the plasma structure. b, The pulse duration and peak
$ {a}_{0} $ evolution with propagation distance in the plasma. c, The spectral evolution with the propagation distance in the plasma. d, The spectra of the laser pulse entering (blue dashed line) and exiting (red solid line) the plasma structure and the LWIR pulse (shaded region) that resides within the wake cavity. The inset shows the temporal variation of the electric field of the long-wavelength portion (shaded region) of the infrared pulse. [48]
图 3 利用等离子体光调制器产生中红外脉冲的机制示意图：其中驱动光首先激发非线性等离子体尾流，同时共同传播的信号脉冲被注入到尾流的第二个尾场中。经过足够长的调制时间后，信号脉冲的频率急剧下移并转换为中红外脉冲，a为原理图，b为3D-PIC模拟结果。[49]
Figure 3. This concept involves two laser pulses in an underdense plasma where a drive laser pulse first excites a nonlinear plasma wake while a co-propagating signal pulse is injected into the second bubble of the wake. After a sufficient modulation time, the signal pulse is dramatically frequency-downshifted and converted into a mid-IR pulse, as seen in (a schematic diagram) and (b 3D simulation result). [49]
图 4 光子减速产生强中红外旋涡脉冲的示意图。(a) 当强激光脉冲在低密度等离子体通道中传播时，形成气泡状结构的等离子体尾波；(b)经过2 mm的传播后，驱动激光脉冲经历显著频率下移，产生强中红外少周期旋涡脉冲；(c)等离子体通道的密度分布，Lp和Lf分别表示密度平台区和下降坡的纵向长度[52]
Figure 4. Schematic of the plasma photon decelerator for producing intense mid-IR vortex pulses. (a) A plasma wake with a bubblelike shape is created during the propagation of an intense laser pulse in an underdense plasma channel. (b) An intense mid-IR few-cycle pulse is generated inside the bubble, behind the drive laser pulse, after a propagation distance of 2 mm, when it undergoes a strong frequency downshift. (c) The density distribution of the plasma channel. Lp and Lf represent the longitudinal lengths of the density plateau and down ramp, respectively. [52]
图 5 亚焦耳级、太瓦级单周期太赫兹脉冲产生的Quasi-3D OSIRIS 模拟结果。a, 特殊设计的密度分布。b和c, 在不同传播距离处的脉宽和频谱演化. d, 最终光谱以及滤波后的THz光谱. e, 滤波后的单周期 THz 脉冲[54]
Figure 5. Quasi-3D OSIRIS simulation results on the generation of sub-joule, terawatts, single-cycle THz pulses. a, The tailored plasma density profile. b and c, Evolution of pulse duration and spectrum with propagation distance in the plasma. d, Final spectrum and filtered single-cycle THz spectrum. e, The filtered single-cycle THz pulse.[54]
图 6 电子束辅助光子减速过程的示意图。一束外源注入的电子束与激光脉冲在等离子体中共同传播，用以降低非线性尾波场中的残余电子密度。[57]
Figure 6. A schematic diagram illustrating the electron beam-assisted photon deceleration. An externally introduced electron beam co-propagates with the laser pulse into the plasma, reducing the residual plasma electron density inside the nonlinear plasma wake.[57]
图 7 (a)实验布局、(b)不同位置的红外光谱及(c)脉冲宽度为4.6 ps (经过5 mm Ge窗口)
Figure 7. (a) Experimental layout, (b) spectra of the mid-IR pulse at various positions, (c) the pulse duration is～4.6 ps (after passing a 5-mm-thick Ge Window)
图 8 密度分布、实验布局和XFROG结果。(a) 叶片遮挡不同气体喷流宽度下测得的等离子体密度分布。(b)实验光路示意图。(c) –(e)为(a) 叶片遮挡不同气体喷流宽度下所测量的XFROG行迹图[55]
Figure 8. Density profiles, experimental setup, and XFROG results. (a) The measured on-axis plasma densities. (b) Schematic of the experimental setup. (c)–(e) The measured XFROG traces for the corresponding plasma density profiles shown in (a)[55]
表 1 各种超短超强中红外光源代表性参数
Table 1. Representative parameters of various ultra-short ultra-strong mid-infrared light sources
wavelength/μm ultrashort mid-infrared light source central wavelength/µm energy/mJ pulse width/fs peak power/GW ＜5 OPCPA[9] 3.9 ＞20 93 ＞ 200 DC-OPA[18] 2.44 53 8.6 6 000 FOPA[20] 1.8 30 11.6 2 500 Cr2+:ZnSe laser[21] 2.4 7/6.2 101/39 ～/115 Fe:ZnSe laser[22] 4.4 3.5 150 ＞ 20 ＞5 CO2 laser[23] ～10 45 000 3 000 15 000 CO2 laser[27] 9.2 1300 675 1 600 DFG[31] 9 0.21 91 2.3 
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表 2 近年来利用中红外光产生高次谐波实验结果。
Table 2. Recent experimental results on high-order harmonic generation using mid-infrared light
author (year) cutoff
energy/eVgas drive laser
wavelength/μmdrive laser
pulse width/fsdrive laser
energy/mJdrive laser repetition
rate/HzB. Shan, et al (2001)[68] 160 Ar 1.51 25 0.10 1 000 T. Popmintchev, et al (2009)[69] 330 He 1.30 35 5.50 10 H. Xiong, et al (2009)[70] 400 Ne 1.50 50 1.60 1 N. Ishi, et al (2014)[71] 320 Ne 1.60 9 0.55 1 E. J. Takahashi, et al (2008)[72] 300 (450) Ne (He) 1.60 35 2.20(4.50) 10 A. S. Johnson, et al (2016)[73] 375 Ne 1.80 8 0.70 1 000 S. M. Teichmann, et al (2016)[74] 350 (500) Ne (He) 1.85 12 0.40 1 000 M.-C. Chen, et al (2010)[75] 395 (520) Ne (He) 2.00 40 2.40 10 G. J. Stein, et al (2016)[76] 450 Ne 2.10 32 1.35 1 000 T. Popmintchev, et al (2012)[1] 1600 He 3.90 80 10.00 20 J. Gao, et al (2022)[77] 5200 Kr ions 1.45 60 7.50 20
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表 3 近年来阿秒脉冲世界纪录。
Table 3. Recent attosecond-pulse world records
author (year) X-ray pulse width/as central energy/eV drive laser wavelength/nm pulse width/fs energy/ mJ G. Sansone, et al (2006)[79] 130 36 750 5 0.22 E. Goulielmakis, et al (2008)[80] 80 82 720 3.3 0.3 K. Zhao, et al (2012)[81] 67 90 750 7 1.4 J. Li, et al (2017)[82] 53 170 1700 12 1.5 T. Gaumnitz, et al (2017)[83] 43 110 1800 11.1 0.48 Ardana-Lamas F, et al (2025)[84] 19 243 1850 12 0.4
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