空间电荷效应对低能超导直线加速器束流品质的影响

Influence of space-charge-effect on beam quality in the low-energy superconducting linac

  • 摘要: 通过理论建模与数值模拟相结合,系统探究了在低能超导质子直线加速器内,加速过程中聚焦参数动态演化对空间电荷主导型包络不稳定性的影响机制,揭示了低能段双周期聚焦结构与束晕产生的内在关联。基于Vlasov-Poisson方程二阶偶模展开,构建了理论模型,设计零流强周期相移(σ0)局部突破90°的多种演化方案,全面探究了不同聚焦方案下,局部突破90°对束流品质的影响,并用多粒子模拟软件对低能、归一化均方根发射度0.2~0.4 π·mm·mrad的质子束进行了多粒子模拟验证;针对双周期聚焦结构特征,设计了相应的聚焦结构与束流匹配方案,通过粒子-束核模型对比分析了准周期与双周期结构的束晕形成机制差异,定量分析了纵向包络对横向束晕的耦合作用。研究结果表明,当空间电荷效应较弱(对应于较高的调谐因子ηη=带电流周期相移σ/零流强周期相移σ0)时,σ0可突破90°而不导致束流品质恶化;反之,当空间电荷效应较强(低η值)时,σ0的突破会激发共振并导致束流发射度显著增长,且这一效应在双组合四极透镜聚焦结构中尤为显著。二维/三维模型均证实,即便每个聚焦单元的σ0<90°,双周期结构仍会引发束流包络的不稳定性。二维模型研究结果显示,相较于准周期结构,双周期结构更易产生束晕现象,其中2∶1共振仍是束晕形成的主要原因。采用三维模型进一步研究纵向因素的影响时发现,三维束团纵向尺寸的变化会显著改变束核电荷密度分布,这一现象成为束晕形成的新机制。此外,高阶共振也在很大程度上促进了束晕的形成。研究还揭示了小周期结构数(N)与共振概率呈负相关关系。

     

    Abstract:
    Background
    Envelope instabilities and halo formation are critical challenges limiting beam quality in space-charge-dominated beams of low-energy superconducting proton linear accelerators. The dynamic evolution of focusing parameters during acceleration and the intrinsic role of double-period focusing structures in the low-energy region in these phenomena remain insufficiently explored.
    Purpose
    This study aims to systematically investigate the influence of dynamically evolving focusing parameters on envelope instabilities, reveal the relationship between double-period focusing structures and halo formation, and achieve localized breakthroughs of the zero-current phase advance σ0 beyond 90° while optimizing beam quality.
    Methods
    A theoretical model was established via the second-order even-mode expansion of the Vlasov–Poisson equations. Multiple evolution schemes were designed, and multi-particle simulations were performed on low-energy proton beams (normalized RMS emittance: 0.2–0.4 π·mm·mrad). The particle–core model was used to compare halo formation mechanisms between quasi-periodic and double-period structures, with two-dimensional and three-dimensional models verifying key findings.
    Results
    For weak space-charge effects (high η), σ0 can exceed 90° without degrading beam quality; strong space-charge effects (low η) induce resonances and emittance growth, especially in doublet structures. Double-period structures cause envelope instability even with σ0 < 90° per cell, being more prone to halo formation via the 2∶1 resonance. Longitudinal beam size variations alter core charge density (a new halo mechanism), and higher-order resonances contribute significantly. The number of short-period cells (N) correlates inversely with resonance probability.
    Conclusions
    Dynamic focusing parameters and double-period structures strongly affect envelope instabilities and halo formation. The 2∶1 resonance and longitudinal-transverse coupling are key halo mechanisms. σ0 breakthrough beyond 90° is feasible under weak space-charge conditions, and increasing N reduces resonance risk. These findings provide theoretical and numerical support for beam quality optimization in low-energy superconducting proton linacs.

     

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